SHIP-BUILDING. 



eorrefponding timbers in the half-breadth plan, and draw 

 curvea through the above half-breadths, fome diftance abaft 

 the after-frame ; then fquare down where the feveral heights 

 interfeft the fide l\ern-timber in the fiieer-plan, to the 

 half-breadth plan on their eorrefponding lines, and from 

 thence transfer the feveral half-breadths to their eorrefpond- 

 ing heights on the body-plan ; then, by drawing curves 

 through thofe half-breadths, the fide llern-timber will be re- 

 prefented. 



The main half-breadth and top-timber half-breadth lines 

 may now be ended abaft in the half-breadth plan : thus, 

 fquare down from the (heer-plan, where they interfeCl the fide 

 ftern-timber, to their eorrefponding lines in the half-breadth 

 plan ; alfo, where they interfeft the middle ftern-timber in the 

 fheer-plan, fquare them down to the middle line in the 

 half-breadth plan ; then, with a radius in the faid middle 

 line, fweep an arc of a circle to interfefl the fpots lall 

 fquarcd down, which will reprefent the round-aft of the 

 ftern at the main half-breadth and top timber-lines in that 

 direftion. 



In a fimilar manner may be drawn the round-up of the 

 flern at the knuckles of the lower and upper counter in the 

 body-plan, by transferring the heights of tlie lower and upper 

 knuckles, at the middle llern-timber in the flicer-plan, to the 

 middle line in the body-plan ; their height at the fide being 

 fet up before ; then, with a radius from the middle line in 

 the body-plan, fweep a fegment of a circle to pafs through 

 each height, and the round-up of the ftern, at each counter, 

 will be reprefented as in the body-plan, Plate I. 



Apron, or Inner Stem, Sec. 



The apron may now be drawn in the fheer-plan, by conti- 

 nuing a Hne parallel to the aft-fide of the ilem, at twelve 

 inches, its moulding from the head of the ftem, to about 

 feven feet abaft the boxing, by which it will give (liift to the 

 fcarfs of the ftem, as reprefented by the ticked hne in the 

 flieer-plan, P/ate I. 



The cutting-down, or height of the upper fide of the 

 floors in the middle fore and aft, is reprefented by the ticked 

 line at the following heights ; -viz. at rt , and from frame D 

 to 8, I foot 10 inches; at F, l foot io| inches; at H, 

 2 feet i an inch ; at K, 2 feet 2 inches ; at M, 2 feet 5^ 

 inches ; at O, 2 feet i li inches j at S, 4 feet 6 inches ; at 

 U, 6 feet 6 inches ; at 10, I foot 105: inches ; at 12, 1 foot 

 II inches ; at 14, 2 feet ; at 16, 2 feet i| inch ; at 18, 2 

 feet z inches ; at 20, 2 feet 6 inches ; at 22, 2 feet 10 

 inches; at 24, 3 feet 2 inches; at 26, 3 feet loi inches; 

 at 28, 4 feet yi inches; at 30, 4 feet 11 inche's; at 32, 

 7 feet 7 inches ; at 34, 10 feet i:^ mch, above the upper 

 fide of the keel; then a curve Hne drawn through thofe 

 heights, will (hew the cutting-down. 



_ The deptli of the he/fon is alfo reprefented by a line 

 eighteen inciies above, and parallel to the cutting-down, into 

 which forward is fcarfed the fern/on, which is continued 

 upwards to the under fide of the gun-deck hook, and nearly 

 parallel to the apron, it being ten inches moulded at the 

 head. The after-end of the keelfon is completed by the 

 fternfon-knee, which fcarfs into the keelfon, and runs 

 up the fore fide of the tranfom to the under fide of the carl- 

 ing under the gun-deck beams, as (liewn in the Iheer-plan, 

 Plate I. Sometimes a knee is introduced in the dead-wood, 

 as (hewn in tlie (heer-plan, which fays againit the inner poll, 

 which IS fifteen inches moulded at the heel, and one foot at 

 the head at the under fide of the gun-deck tranfom. 



Nature and Ufe of the Timbers, ivhen canted. 

 Hitherto we have confidered the timbers as having their 



5 



planes athwartfhips, or at right angles, fquare to the keel, 

 and have confequently called them fquare-timbers. But the 

 cant-timbers have their planes inclined forward from the keel 

 in the fore-body, and the contrary way, or aft, in the after- 

 body, or canted, as fhipwrights term it. 



That the reader may clearly underftand the nature of the 

 cant-timbers, obferve in the half-breadth plan, Plate I., 

 where the joint of cant-timber U interfecls the middle line ; 

 at which place fuppofe it hung on a hinge, moving fore and 

 aft ; and alfo imagine the line drawn for the cant-timbers 

 on the half-breadth plan to reprefent the upper edge of a 

 furface, of a fuflicient breadth to form the Ihape of the faid 

 cant-timber from the middle line in the body-plan ; fup- 

 pofing the horizontal view of that furface to be reprefented 

 by that one line. It immediately follows, that the furface 

 muft ftand perpendicular to the upper edge of the keel, fimi- 

 lar to a door iwinging on its hinges ; and, if we draw the 

 moulding fhape of the cant-timber, according to what is 

 laid oft" in Plate V 11. Ji^'. ^. upon this furface, from the 

 keel to the top of the lide (not moving its pofition), and 

 then cut it out, we fliall have the true pofition of the cant- 

 timber, as in its place on the fhip, which will ftand in a per- 

 pendicular dire&ion ; we may alio, fuppofing it to be hung, 

 fvving it or cant it either forward or aft, and it will ftill main- 

 tain its perpendicularity with refpeft to the keel. 



The canting of the timbers is of great utihty, as it 

 affills the converfion of the timber, and likewife greatly 

 contributes to the ftrength of the ftiip in the fore and after 

 parts. For in the firft place, were all the timbers of the 

 bow and buttock to be continued fquare, as thofe of the 

 fquare body, though the fcantlings of the fquare timbers on 

 a fquare fhould be equal to the fcantlings of the timbers, if 

 canted, yet the bevellings of the bow and buttock-timbers 

 would be lo great, that the confnmption, in fome places, in 

 order to get the timbers clear of fap, would be greater by ore 

 half than that in the timbers when canted. And, fecondly, 

 by canting the timbers gradually from athwartdiip line, we 

 thereby bring each timber nearer to a fquare with the plankg 

 of the bottom, which 13 not only the belt pofition to receive 

 the faftenings of the planks, &c. but the timbers are alfo 

 better able to bear thofe failenings. 



We may now proceed to cant the timbers of the fore- 

 body, fo that they may ftand as fquare to the curvature of the 

 bow as poftible ; which will not only greatly leiTen the be- 

 velling, but will very much ftraighten the moulding ftiape of 

 the timbers ; by which means they will be much ftronger, 

 not fo hable to be grain-cut, and having lefs compafs, the 

 converfion will be greatly aflifted. 



Therefore determine on the cant of the foremoft timber, 

 which is^', by fetting forward two feet one inch on the run 

 of the main half-breadth line before the perpendicular of X, 

 and its heel nine inches abaft the perpendicular of U, ©n 

 the ftepping-line, which is three inches nearer the middle line 

 than the bearding, or half-thicknefs of the dead-wood, and 

 draw the ticked line marked c y in the half-breadth plan, 

 Plate I. The after cant-timber of the fore-body may be 

 before the foremoft fquare timber O two feet nine inches 

 on the main half-breadth line, and the heel on the ftepping- 

 line two feet five inches before O, on the ticked line marked 

 e p, drawn as before; then may the Intermediate cant- 

 timbcrs c q, c r, c s, c t, c iu, c s, be drawn, with their joints 

 to interfedt their refpedfive perpendiculars as far as U, at the 

 main-breadth-line : then civ and c x equally between cu and 

 c y : draw the ticked lines reprefenting each cant-timber 

 from thence to their heels, which are all equally fpaced on 

 the ftepping-line, between c p and c y. 



The Hawfe-pieces can now be determined on and drawn in 



the 



