SHIP-BUILDING. 



centre. Before the maft is a fmall pair of bitts for the 

 mizen-topfail-fheets ; and over the middle of the captain's 

 lobby is a companion with glafs-fathes ; but lately illumi- 

 nators of glafs are let into the deck, which are found more 

 convenient. The intermediate beams may be placed equally 

 diftant afunder, letting the beam over the fcreen-bulk-head 

 have a proper roundaft, agreeably to the quarter-deck 

 beam underneath. 



The beams of the feveral decks, as taken from the flieer- 

 plan, Plate I., being defcribed, thofe of the orlop only 

 remain : therefore, fet down from the upper fide of the gun- 

 deck beams 7 feet i inch, for the upper fide of the orlop 

 beams ; but as the platforms forward and abaft are laid 

 with three-inch deal or plank, they may be kept fo much be- 

 low the range of the other beams, that is, from forward to 

 beam number fix, and from the twentieth to the after-beam, 

 which is immediately under the twenty-feventh beam of the 

 gun-deck. 



The beams of the orlop round-up 2\ or 3 inches in 

 midfhips, and (hould be placed direftly under thofe of the 

 gun-deck, except the fecond beam from forward, which 

 may be equally fpaced between the firll and third. Be- 

 tween the tenth and the eleventh beams is (hewn the capltan- 

 itep, &c. for lowering the fore-jeer capitan down on the 

 orlop occafionally ; but this has been left off in the navy 

 fome years. The fifteenth and fixteenth beams take the 

 well-bulk-heads ; and till of late years the well was inclofed 

 by a loover-board bulk-head from the orlop to the gun-deck, 

 but is now only laid over with gratings. Between the 

 twentieth and twenty-firil is a hatch to the fpirit-room ; and 

 between the twenty-fecond and twenty-third, a hatch to the 



j coalhole. 



Below the orlop are the works in the hold : fuch are the 

 breaft-hooks from number one to fix ; the ftep of the fore- 

 malt being made by the fifth and fixth hooks, and framed by 

 carlings. Thefe hooks (land fquare with the body, but 



! the hooks under the gun-deck and upper deck lay with the 

 Iheer of the deck ; there is likewife a hook under the hawfe- 

 holes. The magazine and light-room extend from the aft- 

 fide of the firft beam of the orlop to the aft- fide of the fixth, 

 which takes the heels of the after-riding-bitts. Next abaft 

 the magazine-bulk-head are ftore-rooms to theaft-fideof the 

 eighth beam ; and under thofe a fiiot-locker. Clofe abaft 



j the main-hatchway is the pump-well, inclofed with a bulk- 



I head of three-inch plank, about ten feet fore and aft, and eight 

 feet athwartlhips in the clear. In the well is the ftep for the 

 main-maft, and the pumps on each fide ; and adjoining the 

 well, on the fore and after-fidos, arc (liot-lockcrs about 

 two feet in the clear. On the fore-fide of the twentieth beam 

 is the bulk-head of the fpirit-room, which extends to the aft- 

 fide of the twenty-fecond beam ; and on the fore-fide of the 

 twenty-third beam is the after-bulk-head of the coal-hole, 

 and fore-part of the powder-room, which extends to the 

 after-fide of the twenty-fourth or after-beam. The orlop 

 cannot extend further aft, or fufficient fpace would not be 

 left for the bread-room. On the fore-fide of the after-beam 

 of the gun-deck is a bulk-head, which terminates the bread- 

 room ; and the fpace abaft it to the tranloms is called 

 lady's-hole. Clofe before the powder-room-bulk head is a 

 crutch ; and two more crutches are fpaced abaft the 

 powder-room. 



In the profile, Plate IV.. is reprefented the method of 

 conntdling the fides and beams together by knees and riders, 

 as ufed when that plate was engraved ; but owing to the 

 great fcarclty of knee-timber fiiice that time, other methods 

 of connecting the fides and beams together have been 

 adopted, which will be more noticed hereafter, under the 



head of improvements and projeSed improvements in the building 

 ofjhips. See Substitute. 



Hanging and lodging-knees of wood of a kindly growth 

 is certainly the beft mode of connefting the fides and beams 

 together. The addition of breadth and top-riders, parti- 

 cularly in wake of the mafts, and three or four in the waift, 

 where they rake much, and fo crofs feveral of the timbers, 

 mull certainly llifFen the fide ; but this may be more necef- 

 fary in repairs than in new fhips, if the hanging-knees are 

 of a good growth, as before obferved : but by no means 

 to difpenfe with a hanging-knee to introduce a rider, but 

 only when they can clear each other, as the gun-deck beam 

 fifteen and upper deck beam fourteen, then it may be al- 

 lowed to be very itrong. Obferve, whenever a rider comes 

 in the throat of a lodging-knee, it can only be made of 

 iron. 



In the hold it is cuftomary to place four floor-riders, one 

 under the beam at the aft-fide of the fore-hatchway, and 

 the after one under the beam abaft the main-maft ; the next 

 under the beam before the main-maft, and the other midway 

 between that and the fore-hatchway. The floor-riders ex- 

 tend about twelve feet on each fide beyond the keelfon, and 

 about one foot four inches fquare. 



Loiuer futtock-riders are from five to fix in number, one 

 on the fide of each floor-rider, and one or two abaft the 

 after floor-rider. Their length is from the fide of the keel- 

 fon, to give about eight-feet ftiift to the 



Second futtock-riders, which extend from the floor-rider 

 head up to the under fide of the orlop-beam, and are about 

 one foot two inches fquare. 



Third futtock-riders are in length from the head of the 

 lower futtock-rider to the under fide of the gun-deck beam, 

 and fcore on to the fide of the orlop-beam li inch with 

 a dove-tail, and are in fize the fame as the fecond futtock- 

 riders. Obferve, in fliifting the riders, that they come clear 

 of the pumps and of egch other, otherwife they muft call 

 fideways, as at the nineteenth beam of the orlop. 



A long carling 14 inches deep and 12 inches broad, is 

 fcorcd up two inches on the under fide of the fix after gun- 

 deck beams, or to the beam before the mizen-maft, and 

 connefted to the fternfon-knee by an iron plate on each 

 fide at the after-end, the bolts being driven through and 

 clenched on each plate alternately. 



The inboard works being defcribed in profile on the fe- 

 veral decks, it is necefi'ary alfo to reprefent them on the 

 plan of each deck. 



Inflrufiions for defigning the Plans of the Decks. Plates V. 

 and VI. 



Transfer from the (heer-plan, Plate I., the heights of 

 each deck at the fide, at every timber, to its correfponding 

 timber in the body-plan ; then upon each plan draw a middle 

 line, and therefrom fquare up the ftations of all the timbers, 

 as taken from the flieer-plan. Next transfer from the body- 

 plan the half-breadth of each timber at the height of the 

 deck intended to be drawn, and fet them off^ on each fide 

 the middle line, at its correfponding timber and plan ; but 

 in Plates VI. and VI*. half the deck only is reprefented ; 

 then transfer from the ftieer-plan, where the deck inter- 

 fcfts the aft-fide of the ftem and ftcrn-poft at the rabbet, 

 as in PliiteVl., and on thofe lines fet ofl^ half the thick- 

 iiefsof the ftem and Itern-poft. A curve drawn throu;^h the 

 half-breadths as fet off, ending in the rabbet atore and 

 abaft, will reprefent the outfide of the timbers ; tlien with- 

 in that line fet oft the moulding of the timbers, and draw- 

 ing another curve thereto, gives the boundary of the deck 

 at the fide, and determines tnc length of the beams. 



Upon 



