SHIP-BUILDING. 



is hollowed to the moulding of the timbers, which gives the 

 half-thicknefs of the dead-wood below the ftepping or 

 bearding-line, as marked on the mould, as all above that line 

 the dead-wood is trimmed perpendicular to the fiding of the 

 keelfon. To make this mould more conveniently, it may be 

 made m two parts, feparating lengthways at about half its 

 depth. 



To Layoff the Cant-timbers, Plate VII. Laylng-off, Plate A. 

 The neceflity and utility of canting the timbers forward 

 and aft, have been already explained in conllrufting of the 

 flieer-draught, Plalel. But that the reader may have as 

 clear an idea as poflible of the defign of the cant-timbers, 

 and their difpofition when canted, obferve then in the half- 

 breadth plan, Plate V II. fig. 4, where the lines reprefenting 

 the joints of the cant-timbers, as transferred from the (heer- 

 draught, Plate I., interfeft the middle line, there may be fup- 

 pofed the hinge of a door ; and the lines for the cant-timbers 

 may be fuppofed to reprefent the door, which may be 

 fwang forward at pleafure ; fo that if the fliip was on an even 

 keel, the fides of the cant-timbers (though trimmed to their 

 proper form) would become perpendicular, limilar to the 

 door ; or fuppofing the form of the cant-timber was drawn 

 on the door and fawcd out, it would be perpendicular as 

 before. The diagonal ribbands are fimilar to the cant- 

 timbers in this refpeft : and as the cant-timbers at the 

 middle line become perpendicular, making one ftraight fec- 

 tion in the dircftion of the cant-timbers ; fo the cant-rib- 

 bands at their interfeftion of the middle line in the body- 

 plan. Jig. 3, become horizontal, that is, parallel to the keel 

 at the middle line all fore and aft, provided that the ribbands 

 for the fore and after bodies meet at the middle line, as the 

 floor-ribbands do in^^ 3. Or otherwife, as the cant-timbers 

 are reprefented by a door that is hung perpendicular, fo may 

 the cant-ribbands be reprefented by any plain furface, like 

 the flap of a table, that may be hung horizontal to the fide 

 of a room ; then will the fide of the room become the middle 

 line of the Ihip, equal to the middle line in the half-breadth 

 plan, _y^. 2, and the flap of the table may be canted down 

 to the direftion of the diagonal lines in the body-plan,_/"_f. 3. 

 To underftand it clearly, fuppofe the edge of the flap of the 

 table to be cut in the form of one of the diagonal ribbands 

 kid off in the half-breadth plan. Jig. 2 ; let it be the floor- 

 ribband : then within the floor-cant-ribband in the half- 

 breadth plan, fig. 4, is the fquare or horizontal ribband B, 

 which is the form or diflance from the middle line which 

 the flap of the table makes when canted dovi-n, as in^^. 3. 

 The cant-ribband in the half-breadth plan, Jig. 4, is the 

 fame as the flap of the table, if lifted up till its level, fliew- 

 ing the extreme half-breadth of the fhip, were it cut in the 

 direftion of the cant-line in the body-plan, Jig. 3. The 

 cant-ribband in the half-breadth plan, Jig. 4, is the proper 

 line to make the mould to for the harpin. But the inter- 

 feftion of the cant-timbers injig. 4, with the cant-ribband, 

 is not the proper itation of the timbers ; becaufe the cant- 

 ribband is now raifed from its proper place, and the timbers 

 remain as before. Therefore, where the cant-timbers crofs 

 the fquare r'bbands, fquare them up to their corrcfponding 

 cant-ribbands, as may be readily feen in Jig. 4, which are 

 the proper Itations of the cant-timbers on the harpin- 

 moulds. For if the flap of the table, which is the cant- 

 ribband-li .e, and hinged at the middle line, was to fall down 

 in its proper place-, it would then be exadly underneath the 

 long ticked line B, which is the fquare ribband. The fta- 

 tions of the fquare timbers on the harpin-mould will make 

 no alteration, becaufe the mould falls in the direftion of the 

 fquare timbers. Strike a ilraight line from the interfeftion 



of the cant-timber with the middle Ime, to their correfpond- 

 ing fl:ations on the harpin-mould ; as at cant-timber S, 



ffg. 4. This will give the direction as the cant-timbers ftand 

 on the harpin-mould. 



Before we proceeed any further in laying-off the cant- 

 timbers, the fore cant-body, that hffgs. 3 and 4, ftiould be 

 proved by the fquare timbers and water-lines, as far aft as 

 timber M at leaft ; for it is poflible that the ribband-line? 

 may have a fair appearance on the floor, and yet not produce 

 a fair body in the fliip ; but if the water-lines and ribband- 

 lines agree, there need be no fear of producing a fair bow, 

 as the lines cannot be altered after the cant-tinibers are 

 laid off. 



Therefore, transfer the water-lines from the body-plan, 

 Plat^ I., to the body-plan on the floor, and then they may 

 be all run from timber M, and ended forward, as direfted 

 in the conftrufting the ftieer-draught, Plate I. Thefe line^" 

 laying with a more acute angle with the timbers, any un- 

 fairnefs in the body is more readily feen ; but when 

 the ribband-lines and water-lines produce fair curves in 



ffg. 4, and likewife fair timbers in Jig. 3, we may pro- 

 ceed to lay-off the fquare ribband-lmes, which may be dont 

 in the following manner : mark on the edge of a batten 

 the dillances taken fquare from the middle line of the 

 fore body-plan, jff. 3, to where the floor-ribband interfeAs 

 each of the fquare timbers O, Q, S, U, X and Y. Then 

 fet them off^ from the middle line on their corrcfponding 

 timbers in the half-breadth plan, ffg. 4. The ending of it 

 may be performed as the ending of its correfponding dia- 

 gonal or cant-hne, with only this difference, that, inltead 

 of taking the half-breadth of the ftem in the direftion of 

 the diagonal line, it mud be taken fquare from the middle 

 line in the body -plan, _/^. 3, to where the floor-ribband in- 

 terfefts the half-breadth of the Item. Then, by pinning a 

 batten to the fpots on the timbers and to the ending, is 

 produced the curve B, or fquare ribband No. 2, marked on 

 the floor S 2, and its correfponding ribband C 2, meaning 

 fquare 2 and cant 2, which fave a multiplicity of words ; and 

 it may be underitood more clearly as we proceed, than by 

 expreffing the ribbands by their proper names, as floor- 

 ribband, &c. Then, by proceeding in the fame way with 

 the relt of the diagonal or cant and fquare ribband-lines, 

 they may be all defcribed on the floor, as at A I, B 2, C 3, 

 D 4, and E 5, Plate VII., Jg. 4. 



Now proceed to the operation, where the cant-timbers in 



Jig. 4. interfeft the fquare ribbands A, B, C, D, and E, or 

 I, 2, 3, 4, and 5. Take the neareft diflance or fquare from 

 the middle line, and fet them off fquare from the middle 

 line to intei*fe£l their correfponding ribbands in the body- 

 plan, jf^r. 3, and from thence level out lines at pleafure, as 

 may be feen in Jig. 3. Then take the diflance from the 

 middle line in_^^. 4, ui the direction of the cant-timbers, to 

 the interfeftions of the fquare ribband with the cant-timbers, 

 and carry them to their correfponding timbers in the body- 

 plan,^. 3, fetting them off^ fquare from the middle Hne 

 on the lines before levelled out. This will give the fpots for 

 the timbers, and likewife the proper ftations of the harpins 

 to be crofled on the timbers. 



Square up from the half-breadth plan, ffg. 4, where the 

 cant-timbers crofs the half-thicknefs of the dead-wood H, 

 to the bearding-line R in the fneer-plan. Likewife from 



Jig. 4, where the cant-timbers crofs the main half-breadth 

 hne, port-fill line, top-timber half-breadth, and half-breadth 

 at top-fide, let them be fquared to their correfponding lines 

 in the flieer-plan. 



Take the heights in the flieer-plan, where the cant-timbers 

 crefs the bearding-line, likewife the lower and upper main- 

 breadths. 



