SHIP-BUILDING. 



them ate to be parallel to the middle line ; but as the heels of 

 them are to be fided lefs than the heads, they will confe- 

 quently be nearer the middle line ; therefore they will not 

 appear in a ftraight line in the half-breadth plan, Jig. 7, as 

 they did in fig. 3, and cannot be viewed in a ftraight line, 

 Hnlefs by fuppofing them really in their places in the body- 

 plan, Jig. 6. 



Proceed to difpofe of the knight-head and hawfe-pieces 

 as in the body-plan, ^^. 6, where they will appear ftraight 

 lines. The mouldmg edges are the tliin lines, except the 

 outfide of hawfe-piece 4, which is intended to be laid off, 

 in order to get the beveliings of No. 4 hawfe-piece. 



The thwartfiiip view of the foremoil edge of cant-timber 

 V, and the cant-filling before it in the half-breadth plan, 

 Jg. 7, which the knight-head and hawfe-pieces end againft, 

 mull be fquartd up and reprefented in the Iheer-plan, Jg. 5, 

 as in the preceding operation. 



The fore and aft view of the forcmolt edge of cant- 

 timber _y, and the cant-filling before it, both on the fqnare 

 and cant, muft be laid oil as h, i, in the body-plan, Jg. 6, as 

 before explained. 



Now proceed to lay off the hawfe-pieces, or to (hew the 

 form in which they will appear in the half-breadth plan, 

 fy. 7. The knight-head is already laid off, becaufe it is the 

 fame as the half-thicknefs of the ftem in the half-breadth 

 plan, /!g. 7. Therefore take the diftance fquare from the 

 middle line to the heels of the hawfe-pieces, where they 

 interfeft the fore and aft view of the cant-timbers i and G 

 in the body-plan, _/f^^. 6, and fet them off fquare from the 

 middle hne in the half-breadth plan, Jg. 7, on the edges 

 of the cant-timbers F and E ; which gives the heels of the 

 hawfe-pieces in ^/Tf. 7. Take the diftance fquare from the 

 middle line in the body-plan, j?^. 6, to where the hawfe-pieces 

 crofs the harpins, A, B, C, D, and E ; and fet them off 

 fquare from the middle line, on their correfponding fquare 

 harpins in the half-breadth plan, Jg. 7. Likewife, in the 

 fame manner take the half-breadths in the body-plan, Jg. 6, 

 for the main breadth and the harpin at the head ; and fet 

 them off in the fame manner as before in the half-breadth 

 plan,^^. 7. Then pin a batten to thofe fpots, and mark 

 the curves in the half-breadth plan, Jg. 7, which Ihews the 

 form they will appear in, were you right over them, and 

 looking down upon tliem ; occafioned by the different curves 

 of the body when cut by thefe feftions. 



The next operation will (hew the form of the body, fup- 

 pofing it to be cut by the different fedions of the hawfe- 

 pieces, to which form the moulds are to be made to trim the 

 hawfe-pieces. Proceed in the following manner : 



Where the hawfe-pieces i, 2, 3, and 4, in the half- 

 breadth plan, /^. 7, crofs the fquare harpins c, d, e, f, and 

 g; and hkewife the main-breadth B, and harpin above 

 A ; let them be fquared up to their correfponding harpins 

 in the fheer-plan, Jg. 5, where they end againft the edge of 

 the cant-timbers F and E in the half-breadth plan, Jg. 7 : 

 they may be likewife fquared up to interfeft the thwartfhip 

 view F and G of thofe cant-timbers in the flicer.plan,/_f. 5, 

 to give the heels of the hawfe-pieces. But this is not fo 

 true, as to take the heights of the heels where they intcrfeft 

 the fore and aft view of the cant-timbers i and G, in the 

 body-plan,/^. 6, and transfer them to the fheer-plan,/^. 5, 

 on the thwartfhip view of the faid timbers F and G ; this is 

 the proper height of the heels ; yet if both wavs agree, it 

 fhews the truth of the work. Then pin a batten to thofe 

 fpots fquared up, and mark the curves i, 2, 3, and4; this 

 gives the moulding edges of the hawfe-pieces, and (hews 

 them as they appear wiien in their places. This method is 

 ufually praftifed when required to be laid off in this manner. 



and will fufBce for praftice ; but by explaining the fituatioir 

 of thofe at prefent laid off, it will fufSciently (liew they are 

 not exaft, therefore we fliall point out a method the moft 

 accurate. 



Confider the hawfe-pieces as they are now laid off, and 

 as they appear in the (heer-plan, Jg. 5 ; you there fee the 

 exaft form of them, fuppofing them to be in tlieir places, 

 and that you are looking level at them. You may therefore 

 obferve the exaft form of the harpins, when you are looking 

 level at them, where they appear at their proper heights : 

 confequently, then, you have the exaft length and form 

 of the hawfc-piecea only as they appear in a level view. 

 And becaufe they do not ft and perpendicular, you cannot 

 have the exaft length nor form properly to mould them. 



In order to (hew the proper method that may be depended 

 on, lay-off the moulding edge of hawfe-piece 4, or the 

 outfide of No. 3, which will make the mofl difference, be- 

 caufe it flands moft from a perpendicular. 



There muft be luppofed one given point to work from ; 

 therefore, it being the moft proper, let it be the heel. 

 Strike the level line from the heel in the body-plan, fig. 6, to 

 the heel in the (heer-plan, Jg. 5, as /. If the hawfe- 

 piece 4 was not laid off in the fheer-plan, Jg. 5, the 

 moulding edge mull be gotten up, as before, from tlie 

 half-breadth plan, Jg. 7. Therefore, as it is, ftrike lines 

 upwards, perpendicular from the feparate harpin;- in the 

 fheer-plan, Jg. 5, where the moulding edge of hawfe- 

 piece 4 interfefts them. Then take the diftance from 

 the heel of No. 4 hawfe-piece, in the body-plan, Jg. 6, 

 to each harpin, main-breadth, &c. taken in the direc- 

 tion of the moulding edge of hawfe-piece 4 ; and fet 

 them up perpendicular from the heel of hawfe-piece 4, 

 in the (heer-plan, Jg. 5, on the lines before fquared up, at 

 their correfponding harpins : then pinning a batten to thofe 

 fpoti, mark the curve in Jg. 5, which will give the exaft 

 moulding of the hawfe-piece, and the heights for the 

 ftations of the harpins to be croffed on the hawfe-piece 

 moulds. 



Though the exaft and proper method to lay-off the 

 hawfe-pieces is defcribed by laying off No. 4, the explanation 

 muft fuffice for this, being too minute to be drawn on the 

 plate. Yet the firft method is not entirely to be condemned, 

 as they are (hewn in the (liecr-plan, Jg. 5, becaufe it makes 

 fo little difference in the moulding, that the error is not to be 

 regarded in the prafticc. The greatcft difference it makes is 

 in the length, which, in No. 4, does not make it two inches 

 longer. But the certainty of tlie latter method being the 

 moll correft, muft be proved by working at extremes ; that- 

 is, fnppofe the head of hawfe-piece 4 to (land where it is in 

 the body-plan, fig. 6, and the heel to be fixed at the middle 

 line, then, if laid off by both methods, the difference would 

 be readily fcen, which method is bell to be depended on. 



The moulds for the knight-head and hawfe-pieces are made 

 to the lines in the (lieer-plan,_/ff. 5, as before direfted. 



The be-eellings, fuppofing the hawfe-pieces to be properly 

 laid off in the (heer-plan,^. 5, are taken in the fame manner 

 as was (hewn injg. 1 ; for though they do not appear in the 

 fame manner in the half-breadth plan, Jg. 7, yet in tlie 

 (heer-plan,/_n^. 5, (their fides looking fore and aft,) you there 

 fee the form of them fquare from the plans of their fepa- 

 rate fides ; therefore the diftance, as they appear from each 

 other in the fheer-plan, Jg. 5, at each harpin, is the proper 

 bevelling of them, agreeable to their diftance from each 

 other taken at their correfponding harpins in the body-plan, 

 fs- 6- 



Where the heels of the hawfe-pieces ftep on the thwart- 

 fhip view of the cant -timbers in the (heer-plan, ^. ^, line 



them 



