SHIP-BUILDING. 



fometimes be fcanty ; and, when ftiort of the floor-head, 

 may be admitted, if the fecond futtock runs down and 

 meets upon its refpeftive floor. 



All floors are required to have fufficient wood to feat 

 themfelves on the dead-wood, and the throats to run up to 

 the cutting-down or under fide of the keelfon ; then any 

 wood wanting below the feating may be made good by a 

 chock. 



The floors, when correftly trimmed, are let down into 

 fcores cut in the dead-wood, to the exaft height of the 

 cutting-down from the upper edge of the rabbet of the 

 keel, in their refpeftive fituations ; fet precifely level, and 

 at right angles with the middle line of the keel. The floors 

 are then ribbanded and (hored, fecuring the fliores at the 

 head and heel to prevent any alteration ; for the truth and 

 precifion of the whole fabric may be faid to depend upon 

 the accuracy of the floors, when got into the ribband. 



Futtocks. — The feveral futtocks are trimmed ftraight, and 

 out of winding on the joint fide ; and the lower futtocks in 

 the navy run down to the fide of the dead-wood, but in 

 merchant-lhips they are from nine to twelve inches fhort of 

 the keel, that water may not lie above the ceiling. The 

 wood wanting on the iniide of the lower futtocks, in the 

 navy, is made good by crofs-chocks up to the cutting- 

 down. 



The timbers that compofe a frame, or bend, are bolted 

 together, either clofe or opened, as required ; the joint- 

 fide of the fecond futtock to the joint-fide of the lower fut- 

 tock, to the middle of its length or fcarfing, and bolts 

 thereto with three bolts of fquare iron. The heel of the 

 third futtock joins the head of the lower futtock, and bolts, 

 as the former, to the fecond futtock ; the heel of the fourth 

 futtock joins to the head of the fecond futtock, and bolts to 

 the third ; and the heel of the top-timber fcarfs on the 

 head of the third futtock, and is bolted or fattened with 

 tree-nails to the fourth futtock, taking care that no bolts 

 are driven in wake of the ports or port-fills. 



They are raifed into their places by flieers and tackles, 

 and great care fliould be taken that the frame be not 

 Itrained in hoifting, as its form would be altered, and of 

 confequence the true fhape of the body loll ; to prevent 

 which, the joints of the chocks and heads are fecured by 

 naihng quarter over them, and a (hore fitted on the infide 

 or bag of the frame. 



The frames, as hoifted, are kept to their true breadth, 

 and equally dillant from the middle line, by the crofs pales, 

 which are nailed at the main height of breadth, or in the 

 ports : the latter is preferable, if not thought too high, 

 becaufe the ends need not be cut, and they may remain till 

 the fliip is planked, and the beams in and kneed. 



The frames are next ribbanded thus : the cant-frames 

 may be gotten near to their ftations by the harpin-moulds, 

 then the harpins gotten up ; and, if the frames come fair, 

 may be nailed and floored to tlieir firmarks. 



The fquare frames, corrcfponding at the floor-firmark 

 or guide, mull be levelled, and the joints fet at right angles 

 with the middle line, obfcrving that the fpacing of the ports 

 agrees. The ribbands may then be nailed and fliored, and 

 the lower futtocks bolted to the floors. 



FiUing-timbers, or the timbers between the frames, arc 

 trimmed and hoifted into their places Icparately ; then 

 equally (paced afunder, and nailed to the ribbands ; then 

 chocked at their heads and heels, and the whole frame 

 dubbed fair infide and out to its fcantling for planking. 



Keelfon is oak fawn to its fiding and depth, or moulding, 

 then fayed along the middle of the floors, and bolted 

 through every floor and the keel, with three or more douls 

 Vol. XXXII. 



on each fcarf, which (hould give as much (hift as poflible to 

 the fcarfs of the keel. For fome years a three-inch oak 

 plank has been fayed upon the upper fide of the keelfon, 

 and the bolts driven through that likewife. 



Slemfon is oak fawn to its fiding and moulding, then 

 trimmed and fayed to the apron, and fcarfed with a hook 

 or douls into the fore part of the leelfon. The bolts 

 through the breajl-hooks muft; be confidercd, and one or two 

 bolts may then be driven through between them. 



Sternfon-knee is oak fawn to its fiding and moulding, then 

 trimmed and fayed againft the tranfoms and upper fide of 

 the dead-iuood, and fcarfs with a hook, or douls into the 

 after-piece of the keelfon. It is bolted to the tranfoms and 

 Itern-pofl; as the keelfon, of which it is a continuation. 



Wales are next wrought, and the tlnck-Jluff below them : 

 they Ihould be faftened with dumps only for the prefent, as 

 the tree-nail holes, which are double and fingle alternately in 

 every timber, and fliould be left open as long as poflible, 

 for the admiffion of air. A doul in the timber next each 

 butt in the wales, in the ftrake above and below it, has been 

 lately introduced in the navy, as an additional fecurity. 

 The wales and diminifliing fl;rakes are then dubbed down 

 fair, and large cleats nailed at the fore part of every port, 

 to which the fliip is fubftantially fliored. 



Planking. — The bottom is next planked down fufficiently 

 low to work the orlop-clamps. See Planking expanded, 

 Plate VIII. 



Inboard Clamps, Thick-Jluff, ^e. — Thefe are wrought 

 fimilar to the outfide fluff" above. The clamps to the fheer 

 of the deck, and their upper fides to the round-up of the 

 beam, and the lower edge, fquare to the timbers, unlefs they 

 work down to the ports ; then, in wake of the ports, the 

 lower fides are trimmed level, and between the ports fquare 

 to the timbers. Clamps over ports are bearded from half 

 their depth to one inch lefs in thicknefs on the under fide, 

 excepting over the ports, where the wood is left on, for the 

 muzzles of the guns to houfe to ; and the butts are douelled 

 as the wales. 



The thick-ftufF is to be wrought with a fquare clofe edge 

 over the joints of the timbers ; and the fpirkittings are to 

 have a feam allowed, agreeable to the thicknefs with the 

 outfide fluff', which fliould be a full fixteenth to every inch 

 in the thicknefs. 



Beams are fawn to their fiding, and to the moulded 

 depth fquare to the fiding. Beams of two, three, or four 

 pieces are fcarfed together ; and if in three or four pieces, 

 the middle pieces may be fir, excepting in the hatchways. 



Beams in two pieces have a fcarf one-third the whole 

 length of the beam. Beams in three pieces have the middle 

 pieces and the end pieces each half the length of the whole 

 beam, the middle piece having a fcarf each way to take the 

 arms. Beams made of four pieces have two middle pieces, 

 each fimilar to the former : the arms and middle pieces are 

 each to be in length three-fevenths of the whole length of 

 the beam. See Gun-deck, Plate V'l. 



Beams are cither tabled or deuelled, and bolted together 

 at the fcarfs: if tabled, the lengths of the tables are once 

 and a half the moulded depth in length, and divided at the 

 middle of the depth ; and where the wood is taken out on 

 the upper fide, it is left on the lower fide, and fo alter- 

 nately ; taking the wood out on tlie upper fide at the table 

 next the butt, as it will the better hang and fupport the lip. 

 At each lip, beyond tiie tables, is a coak about fix inches 

 long ; and next to that is a ftraight lap, about the fame 

 length. 



The beams, when cut ofl" to their length, have tlieir ends 



mouthed and charred, and then are let down about one inch 



4 F into 



