SHIP-BUILDING. 



into the clamps, at their feveral ftatioBS, at right angles 

 with the middle line; keeping their upper fides out of 

 winding with the beam line. 



Xnec-s. — The beams, at their ends, are connefted to the 

 fides by knees, or other fubftitutes for knees. The knees 

 are fawn or trimmed to their fiding, and fayed to the fide, 

 taking as little wood as poflible out of the throat the 

 moulding way, as the greateft ftrength of the knee is there. 

 Each knee tapers towards the toe to which it is fided ; and 

 the fubllance in the throat fiiould be about twice and a half 

 the fiding, and not to admit of any chock that would re- 

 duce the knee at any part lefs than the fiding. 



Each knee (hould have two douls in the beam-arm, and 

 from three to four bolts ; and the two upper bolts in the 

 fide-arm of the hanging-knees ihould be kept up as high as 

 pofiible, and the others equally fpaced to the toe, and 

 bored as fquare to the fide as the feams outfide will allow. 



In thofe parts of the fliip afore and abaft, where wooden 

 knees cannot be procured of kindly growth, (for upen that 

 depends the ftrength,) knees of iron are generally placed. 

 Thefe, although much ufed, particularly in merchant-lhips, 

 cannot be fo fully depended upon as thofe of wood, becaufe 

 they cover lefs iurface, are no wife flexible, nor can the 

 bolts be driven fo tight in iron as in wood. If, therefore, 

 the (hip flrains, they muft inevitably work loofe. Again, 

 the holes muft be bored in the direftion in which the knees 

 are pvmched, fo that where iron knees are intended to be 

 placed, oak fillings fhould be driven between the timbers ; 

 ctherwife the bolts may come in the openings, which is in- 

 admiflible. Befides this, the bolts may come in the feams 

 of the outfide plank ; when it fo happens, the belt way is 

 to cut out a piece, and clench the bolt upon the timbers. 



Bolts in wooden knees are moftly driven from the outfide, 

 and clenched upon the knees infide ; but bolts in iron knees 

 are driven from the infide, with collar or ilout heads, be- 

 caufe upon the head depends its faftening ; or if the bolts be 

 of copper, they muft have a ring under the head, and the 

 head fpread or made large in driving. All bolts driven 

 from the infide fhould be carefully clenched upon a ring, 

 let flu(h into the plank, by means of a machine or centre-bitt 

 for that purpofe, and the points under water carefully 

 caulked after the ring is let in. 



Wooden knees having become fcarce for fome years pad, 

 many fubltitutes have been attempted ; and iron knees, or 

 rather knees formed of iron and wood conjointly, are cer- 

 tainly beft when properly applied. See Substitute. 



Standards, either on the deck or to the fides of orlop 

 beams, are fo fimilar to knees, as to require no further de- 

 fcription. 



Brtajl-hoohs, Jleps, and crutches, are oak fawn to their 

 fidings, then moulded. The deck-hooks are fayed to the 

 timbers, the others to the infide ituff. The holes for the 

 holts are bored alternately, near the edges, equally afunder, 

 and fquare with the body. Breaft-hooks, fteps, and 

 crutches, are affifted in the moulding by chocks ; and the 

 deck-hooks may be affifted by large eakings, worked behind 

 them. All the chocks, &c. are douelled or tabled, and 

 ought on no account to have lefs wood or fubftance than 

 their fiding, clear of the chock. 



Riders are oak fawn to their fiding^ moulding, and be- 

 vellings ; then fayed to their refpeftive places, as follows. 



Floor-riders in two pieces have a crofs-chock fayed over 

 the heels, with a hook and butt fcarf ; their heels run down 

 to the hmber-ftrake, and the heads run upwards between 

 the joints of the floor-heads and firft futtock-heads. 



Firjl futtock-ridtrs fay clofe to the fides of the floor- 

 riders, and their heeh extend downwards within four feet 



I 



of the keelfon ; their heads run upwards between the joint 

 of the firft futtock-head and under fide of the orlop-beams, 

 with a crofs-chock fayed over the heels as the floor-rider. 



Second futtock-riders fay clofe to the fides of the firft fut- 

 tock-riders, and fcarf with a hook-fcarf under the head of 

 the floor-riders, or conneft thereto with a chock. Their 

 heads run up within two inches of the under fide of the 

 gun-deck beam, and are fawn with a fwell at the orlop- 

 beam, to which they tail fideways ; and they bolt through 

 the beam and the adjoining riders fore and aft. 



Third futtock-riders fay and bolt to the fides of the fecond 

 futtock-riders, and are fawn with a (well, as the above, at 

 the gun-deck beam. The heads run up within two inches 

 of the under fide of the upper deck beam, or middle deck, 

 in three-deck fliips ; and the heels come within two inches 

 of the upper fide of the orlop-beam. 



Ships in the navy at prefent have no infide ftuflf below the 

 clamps, but have their timbers filled in between with dry 

 flices of oak, driven in tight and caulked ; and the riders 

 are fayed over the timbers, and ftand diagonally at the angle 

 of forty-five degrees. 



The Inee of the head is oak, each piece fawn to its fiding, 

 agreeable to the tapered battens, where they interfeft. 

 The main piece fhould make the lower part of the knee, 

 and run up to the fore part of the ilem, to which it fays 

 high enough for a hole to be cut in it to receive the main- 

 ftay collar. The front piece runs up to feat the figure, and 

 fliould be broad enough to take the bobftay holes, and 

 the lower end ftep in the main piece about one foot below 

 the load draught of water. Another piece muft be pro- 

 vided to make the lacing to fecure the figure. The other 

 pieces between may then be provided, as moft convenient, 

 marking on the mould the fhape of each piece, as provided ; 

 the furface of each piece is then fayed clofe together, and 

 douelled. The knee is hoifted up into its place, and then 

 bolted with feven or more bolts through the ttem and apron, 

 and fometimes through the deck-hooks. 



Cat-heads are now fawn ilraight, fideways, and plumb, 

 moulded to flight, in fhips of the line, to five inches in a 

 foot above a level line without the bow ; and in frigates and 

 frualler vefTels, to the angle of forty-five degrees. The 

 inner end fays up to the under fide of two or more of the 

 forecaftle beams, fo as to ftand fquare with the bow. 



Supporters of the cat-heads are knees of oak fayed to the 

 under fide of the cat -head, and the arm to the fide to ftand 

 perpendicular ; the upper arm bolted through the cat-head, 

 and the other through the fide. 



Rudder. — The main piece to be oak fawn to its fiding, 

 and the upper part to the given dimcnfions, and the lower 

 part to be moulded as broad as the piece will admit. 

 Whatever the main piece may require to complete its fore- 

 fide may be elm, fayed clofe to the main piece, and douelled. 

 The other pieces to complete the furface of the rudder 

 may be fir, fayed clofe to the main piece and each other, 

 and douelled. The whole is then trimmed ftraight through 

 to its thicknefs, and bolted together between the ftraps of 

 the pintles. The back i? then fayed on, and fattened to the 

 aft-fide, and the fole at the heel, when cut off to its length, 

 which is nine inches (hort of the under fide of the keel. 

 The fore-fide may be then bearded from the middle to two- 

 fifths the thicknefs, lined down on each edge ; but this has 

 been found to cut or wound the main piece fo much at the 

 upper pintle, that, lately, the aft-fide of the ftern-poft is 

 likewife bearded at the upper end ; and confequently the 

 fore-fide of the rudder fo much the lefs. The pintles may 

 next be let on thus : the braces being let on to the ftern- 

 poft, and fquare from the aft-fide, a ftaff of the whole 



length 



