S H O 



S H O 



The handle has alfo occafionally a crooked form, in order 

 lo eafe the workman in iifing it. 



Shovel, Paring, that fort of tool of this kind, which is 

 employed in fome places for paring off the fvvard or turf 

 from the furface of ground, in order to burn it. The 

 fliovel which is ufed in Devonftiire for this purpofe has a 

 hollow heart-fhaped form in the fliovel part, with a long 

 handle, which makes it a very powerful implement. The 

 plate of the mouth part is from nine to ten inches in width, 

 where the handle is inferted, wliich is made with a confider- 

 able curve upwards ; the blade is about twelve inches in 

 length, terminating with a broad angular point, which, 

 with its fides, are conflantly kept very fharp and keen for 

 cutting; on the left hand, or land fide of the tool, a fliarp 

 wing, comb, or coulter, rifes up in an oblique manner, to 

 cut a:id divide the flice part from the whule ground. This, 

 however, in confequence of the toughnefs of the furface, 

 and the impediments prefented by the roots of furze, flag';, 

 heather, and other fimilar matters, is not unfrequently dif- 

 penfed with ; the flice being rent or torn off by the work- 

 man from the fide of the whole ground, while it is cut up 

 and feparated from the earth below. When a foot or fifteen 

 inches of the flice rifes upon the handle of the fhovel, it is 

 feparated from the uncut part of the furface by a fudden 

 effort or exertion with the tool, and by a turn of it is 

 whelmed or laid over the mould fide upwards. Where the 

 (late and circumflances of the furface will permit, as by not 

 being too much loaded and encumbered with the above forts 

 of plants, the effort of feparating the cut from the uncut 

 fward may in all cafes be much leliened, by having the flice, 

 which is next to be pared, cut or nicked in fuch lengths as 

 may be moft convenient to the workmen. And in fome 

 particular places and fituations of land, the reguh-r nicking 

 of the flice to be pared from the ground is indeed found in- 

 difpenfibly ncccflary, as where the ground is of fuch a 

 moory quality as to render the operation impratlicable with- 

 out it. In all fuch inltanccs it is, however, probably much 

 better, as being more convenient and expeditious, to have 

 the fhovel formed with a cutting wing, by which the whole 

 may be done at once, without any fort of delay in the bufi- 

 ncfs. This fijrt of ihovel may be feen at_/ff . 9, in the plate 

 of paring ploughs. 



SilovEi., Spit, an ufeful tool for fome fmall purpofcs. 

 It is that fort which is often employed in fctting fmall roots 

 or plants, as thofe of the cultivated faffron, and fome others 

 of a fimilar nature. 



SHOVELER, in Ornithology. See Broad-lealeil 

 Duck. 



SHOVELING, in Jgricuhiire, a term ufed in Ireland 

 to figiiify the throwing the mould of furrows, in cleaning 

 them out, over the ridges. 



SHOULDER, HuMunus, in yinatomy. See Extre- 

 mities. 



Shoulder, Fracture of, in Svrgery. See Fkactuhe. 



Shoulder, Luxation of. See Luxation. 



SnovLDKH-Bl.iJf, m Anatomy, a bone of the fhoulder, 

 of a triangular form, covering the hind part of the ribs, 

 called by anatomiils the fciipula and omoplata. See Extre- 

 mities. 



SiiouLDER-.B««f. See Extremities. 



Shoulder, in the Manege, is the joint of a horfe's fore- 

 quarters, that joins the end of the fhouldcr-blade with the 

 extremity of the fore-thigh. 



Shoulder of a Branch, is that part of it which begins at 

 the lower part of the arch of the banquet, ovcr-againll the 

 middle of tlie fonccau or chaperon, and forms another 

 'Tch under the banquet. The fhoulder of a branch calls a 



greater or leffer circumference, according as it is defigned to 

 fortify or weaken the branch. See Bridle, Banquet, and 

 Branches. 



SHOULDER-i'^^^f^ Horfes, called in French chevillees, are 

 fuch as have their fhoulders gourdy, itiff, and almoft with- 

 out motion. A horfe charged with fhoulders, is one that has 

 thick, flelhy, and heavy fhoulders. 



Shoulder of a Bajiion, in Fortification, is where tlie 

 face and the flank meet. 



SnouLDER-ZJrrtin, in Agriculture, a fort of under drain, 

 conftrufted with a flioulder on each fide of the cut or open- 

 ing, fo that fome fort of ftroiig fubllance may be laid over 

 it, and form an opening or drain for the water below. See 

 Drain. 



Shoulder, in Block-Making, a projeftion made upon the 

 furface of blocks, pins, &c. by reducing one part to a lefs 

 fubftance. 



SHOULDER-5/oiri, a large fingle block, left nearly fquare 

 at the lower end, or arfe of the block, and cut Hoping in 

 the direftion of the flieave. Shoulder-blocks are ufed on the 

 lower yard-arms, to lead in the topfail-fhects, and on the 

 topfail-yards, to lead in the top-gallant-fheets ; and by means 

 of the fhoulder they are kept upright, and prevent the 

 (heets jambing between the block and the yard : they are 

 alfo ufed at the lower outer end of the boomkins, to lead in 

 the fore-tacks. 



SiiovLDER-ef- Mutton Sail, a triangular fail, fimilar to the 

 lateen fail; but attached to a mall iiiltcad of a yard. 



SHOULDERING, in Fortification. See Epaule- 

 ment. 



SHOULDERING-PIECE, in BuilJing. See Brac- 

 ket. 



SHOULDER-KNOTS. See Epaulettes. 



SHOULDER-PITCHT, in Farriery, is a difeafe in a 

 horfe, when the pitch or point of the fhoulder is difplaced, 

 which makes the horfe halt downright. 



SHOULDER-SPLAIT, or Shoulder-torx, is a 

 hurt which befalls a horfe by fome dangerous flip, by which 

 the fhoulder is parted from the breafl. 



SHOULDER-WRENCH, is a ftrain in the fhoulder. 



SHOUT, Cla.mor, in Antiquity, was frequently ufed 

 on eccleliallical, civil, and military occafions, as a fign of 

 approbation, and fometimes of indignation. Thus as Ci- 

 cero, in an afl'embly of the people, was cxpofing the arro- 

 gance of L. Antony, wlio had had the impudence to caufe 

 hinifelf to be infcribcd the patron of the Romans, the 

 people, on hearing this, raifcd a (liout to (licw their indig- 

 nation. 



In the ancient military difcipline fliouts were ufed, I, upon 

 occafion of the general's making a fpeech, or harangue, 

 to the army from his tribun.il : this they did in token of 

 their approving what had been propofed. 2. Before an 

 engagement, in order to encourage and fpirit their own men, 

 and fill the enemy with dread. 



This is a pradice of great antiquity, bcfidcs whicii, it 

 wants not the authority of reafon to fupport it, for as 

 mankind are endowed with two fcnfcs, hearing and fee- 

 ing, by which fear is raifed in the mind, it may be pro- 

 per to make ufe of the ear as well as the eye for that 

 purpofe. 



Shouts were alfo raifed in the ancient theatre, when 

 what was afted pleafed the fpectators. See Acclama- 

 tion. 



It was ufual for thofe pri fent at the burning of the dead 

 to raife a great (hout, and call the d.ad pcrfon by his name 

 before they fet fire lo the pile. See BuuiAL. 



SHOWEL, 



