SIMPLE BODIES. 



by their combining with certain iuflammable bafes. He is 

 of opinion, that moll of the vegetable acids do not owe 

 their acidity to oxygen combined with hydrogen and carbon, 

 but to the carbon atting the part of oxygen with hydrogen, 

 as fulphur, chlorine, and jodine do with the fame. 



Agreeably to this view, we fhall give fome of the fafts 

 attendant on chlorine, jodine, and fulphur, in their com- 

 binations with hydrogen and oxygen. 



To the binary combinations of thefe bodies with others, in 

 which they have no acidity. Gay Luffac has given the names 

 of chlorurets, jodurets, and fulphurets ; as chloruret of 

 potaffium, joduret of zinc, fulphuret of iron, and fo on. 

 When they form acids with hydrogen, they are termed hy- 

 drochloric, hydraodic, and hydrofulphuric acids. The acids 

 formed by their combinations with oxygen he terms chloric, 

 iodic, and fulphuric acids. The chloric acid is the fame 

 with what has been called the hyperoxymurialic acid, and 

 forms with potafh what has been termed hyperoxymuriate of 

 potafh. The jodic acid forms a compound with potath, 

 having fimilar properties, and affording a large quantity of 

 difpolable oxygen. 



The hydrochlorates are the falts which have been called 

 muriates, and have fome refemblance to the hydriodates, a (et 

 of falts for.ned by the acid arifing from the union of jodine 

 with hydrogen, and the different faline bafes. 



The hydraodic acid is formed by firft combining phof- 

 phorus with jodine, in the proportion of one of the former 

 to nine of the latter. This compound being brought in 

 contaft with water, affords the hydraodic acid. The water 

 is dccnmpofed, the oxygen of which combines with the 

 pholphorus to form phofphoric acid, and the hydrogen 

 with the jodine, forming the hydraodic acid. If the jodine 

 and phoiphorus were i8 of jodine to I of phofphorus, then 

 phofphoric acid would be formed in the water. On the other 

 hand, if the jodine were 4.5 to i of phofphorus, then hy- 

 draodic acid would be formed, and a compound of phof- 

 phorus and oxygen, confiding of two atoms of the former 

 to one of the latter. Tfiis is the red infoluble fubflance 

 which has been called oxyd of phofphorus. 



In all thefe proceil'es the hydraodic acid is evolved in 

 fumes fmelling like muriatic acid, and may be coUefted, like 

 it, in the gafeous form. This gas is about 60 times heavier 

 than hydrogen. Water abforbs a large quantity of it, fo 

 as to form a very llroHg acid, of the fpecific gravity of 1.7. 

 This acid is decompofcd in two ways, principally by fuch 

 bodies as eafily feparate its hydrogen and fct free the jodine, 

 fuch as the fulphuric and nitric acids, and many of the 

 oxyda, by which water and jodurets are formed. It is alfo 

 decompofed by the fuperior attraftion of jodine for other 

 bodies, fetting the hydrogen free. Such is the cafe with 

 mod of the metals. 



The compounds of the hydraodic acid with different faline 

 bafes form falts, refembling the hydrochlorates (muriates) 

 and the hydrofulphates. The other binary compounds of 

 jodine, and the different combullible bodies which are called 

 jodurets, are very confpicuous. Molt of thele are infoluble 

 in water. Thofe metals which decompofe water, form 

 fohible jodurets ; as in thefe iiiltances the joduret becomes 

 an hydriodate. 



Another fet of compounds rcfults from jodine, which we 

 have already called jodatos. Jodine combines with oxygen, 

 in the proportion of 5 atoms of the latter to i of the former, 

 which is 1 17 jodine to 5 x 7.^ = 37.5 of oxygen. This 

 conditutes the jodic acid. 



This acid cannot be direftly formed by combining jodine 

 with oxygen ; but it is formed during the adliou of jodine 



upon potafh, foda, barytc?, Itrontian, lime, and magncfia, 

 when water is prcfent. The changes are precifely what 

 take place, when chlorine is fubllitutcd _for jodine. Two 

 falts are formed with the bafe employed ; the one with 

 chloric or jodic acid, and the other with hydrochloric or 

 hydraodic acid. 



When jodine in vapour is patfed through a folution of 

 potafli, four atoms of jodine decompofe four atoms of water, 

 by which four atoms of hydraodic acid are produced. Thefe 

 unite with four atoms of potafh, forming as many com- 

 pound atoms of hydriodate of potafh. The four atoms of 

 oxygen, feparated from the water, now unite with a fifth 

 atom of jodine, and a fifth atom of potafh ; the whole of 

 which will amount to an atom of joduret of potalTium, 

 united to five atoms of oxygen, conltituting an atom of 

 jodate of potafh. It will appear, therefore, that during the 

 formation of any of the jodates or the chlorates, that for 

 every atom of fuch jodate or chlorate there will be formed, 

 at the fame time, four atoms of an hydriodate or hydro- 

 chlorate. 



In the example above flated, an atom of jodate of potafh 

 will be I atom of jodine (117) + i atom of potafTiura 

 (37.5) + y atoms of oxygen (5 x 7.5) = 192. The 

 4 atoms of hydriodate of potafh will confift of 4 atoms of 

 hydraodic acid (4 x (117 + 1)) + 4 atoms of potafh 

 (4 X (37.5 + 7.5)-) = 472 + l8o = 652. The ratio, 

 therefore, of the jodate of potafh to the hydriodate, will be 

 192 to 652, or 100 to 340 nearly. In the cryltalline form, 

 however, the hydriodate of potafh does not cruft, but is 

 converted into joduret of potafTium, which will confift of an 

 atom of jodine (117) added to an atom of potaffium (37.5) 

 = 154.5, and 154.5 X 4 = 618, the quantity of the cryf- 

 tallized joduret to the jodate, which will be 100 of the latter 

 to 322 of the former nearly. 



It is rather out of place to enter into the particulars of 

 bodies; but this laft fubflance, from its recent difcovery, 

 has not been before mentioned in this work. There are alfo 

 many interefting particulars refpccting chlorine ; but thefe 

 are rather new explanations, under the idea of this being a 

 fimple body, than new fadts. 



We know little more of the body called fluorine, than 

 that it is in all probability a body combining with hydrogen 

 to form fluoric acid, in the manner th:it chlorine and jodine 

 form hydrochloric and hydraodic acids with that body. 

 To the combinations of chlorine with the different bodies, in 

 which no acidity prevails. Dr. Tliomfon has propofed the 

 name of chlorids, as being more agreeable to the termina- 

 tion in the word oxyds ; and we fuppofe would adopt, for 

 fimilar combinations of jodine, jodids ; and we fliould ex- 

 peft, from tlie fiilphurates being analogous, that they would 

 be called fulphids, to keep up the fame uniformity. The 

 French chemills (fee Gay Luflac's Memoir on JoJin'% 

 Thomfon's Annals, vol. v.) have adopted for the f.ime 

 compounds the termination already ufed for the fulphurets, 

 I'iz. chlorurets, jodurets ; and for the combinations of 

 carbon and azote with the fame bodies, they would ufe 

 carburets, a-tolurets, or, what is better, nilrot;urcl'. We fee 

 no objeftion to this termination for ail the binary coiu- 

 pounds not polfelTing acidity, as in fact there would be n;» 

 other chsnge than that of altering oxyd into cxurrl. The 

 acids would (till retain their terminations, out and ic, dilUn- 

 guidiing thofe which do not contain oxygen by the acidifying 

 fublhiiice. The falts, as at prefeut, would derive their 

 names from the acids. See Nomknclatiuk. 



Si.Mi'i.K, in Botany, is a general name given to all herbt 

 and plants ; as having each its particular virtue, by which 

 it becomes a fimple remedy. 



' 5 P 2 The 



