S I P 



S I P 



be drawn out of the fluid, all the liquor in the fiphon will go 

 out at the lower orifice C ; that in the leg C B dragguig, 

 as it were, that in the (horter leg A B after it. 



If a tilled fiphon be fo difpofed, as that both orifices, A 

 and C, be in the fame horizontal line, the fluid will remain 

 pendant in each leg, how unequal foever the length of the 

 legs may be. Fluids, therefore, in liphons, feem, as it 

 were, to form one continued body ; fo that the heavier 

 part, defcending like a chain, pulls the lighter after it. 



Laftly, it mull be obfcrved, that the water will flew out, 

 even through a Siphon that is interrupted, by having the 

 legs AD and FC joined {fg. 5.) together, by a much 

 bigger tube full of air. 



The fipho Wirtembergicus is a very extraordinary ma- 

 chine of this kind, performing divers things which the com- 

 mon fiphon will not reach. E. gr. In this, though the legs 

 be in the fame level, yet the water rifes up the one, and 

 defcends through the other ; the water rifes, even though 

 the aperture of the lefs lefr be only half immerged in water ; 

 the fiphon has its effeft after continuing dry a long time ; 

 either of the apertures being open, the other remaining (hut 

 for a whole day, and then opened, the waters flow out as 

 ufual. Laitly, the water rifes and falls indifferently thromgh 

 either leg. 



Mufchenbroeck, in accaiinting for the operation of thi<: 

 fiphon, obferves, no difcharge could be made by it, unlel? 

 the water applied to either leg caufe the one to be rtiortcr, 

 and the other longer by its own weight. Introd. ad Phil. 

 Nat. torn. ii. p. 853. ed. 4to. 1762. 



The projeft of this fiphon was laid by Jordanus Pelletier, 

 and executed at the expence of prince Frederic Charles, 

 adminiltrator of Wirtemberg, by his mathematician Sha- 

 hackard, who made each branch twenty feet long, and fet 

 them eighteen feet apart ; the defcription of it was pub- 

 iilhed by Reifelius, the duke's phyfician. 



This gave occafion to M. Papin to invent another, that 

 did the fame things, dcfcribed in the Philofophical Tranf- 

 aftions ; and which Reifelius, in another paper in the 

 Tranfaftions, ingenuoufly owns to be the very fame with 

 that of Wirtemberg. Its (Irufture will appear from its 

 figure, which is reprefented Plate XV. Hydraulics, Jig. 6. 



SIPHONANTHUS, in Botany, from c7.r.», a tube, 

 and a»So-, ajloiiier, becaufe of the long tube of the corolla. 

 Ammann, the author of the genus, in the Peterlburgh 

 Tranfaftions, for 1736, called it Siphonanthemum. — Linn. 

 Gen. 53. Schreb. 70. Willd. Sp. PI. v. i. 606. Mart. 

 Mill. Did. v. 4. JufT. 132. Lamarck lUultr. t. 79. — 

 Clafs and order, Tetrandria Monogynia. Nat. Ord. Bor- 

 ragineis ajjine, Jufl. 



Gen. Ch. Cal. Perianth inferior, of one leaf, large, in 

 five deep permanent fegments. Cor. of one petal, funiiel- 

 fhaped ; tubetiiread-ftiaped, very flender, many times longer 

 than the calyx ; limb in four deep fpreading fegments, 

 fmaller than the calyx. Stam. Filaments four, longer than 

 the limb of the corolla ; anthers oblong, triangular. Pijl. 

 Germen fupcrior, four.cleft, very fliort ; llyle thread-fliaped, 

 the length of the ilamens, recurved at the extremity ; iligma 

 fiiTiple. Peric. Berries four, roundifli, within the fpread- 

 ing calyx. Seeds folitary, roundifh. 



Ell. Ch. Corolla of one petal, funnel-fliaped, very long, 

 inferior. Berries four, with folitary feeds. 



I. S. indica. Indian Pipe-flower. Linn. Sp. PI. 159. 

 Willd. u. I. Poirct in Lam. Dift. v. 7. 200. (" Sipho- 

 ranlhemum falicis folio, flore flavefcente ; Amm. Afl. 

 Petrop. ann. 1736, 214. t. 15." Lyfimachii fpecics ; 

 Pif. ct Bont. Ind. Or. 159?) — Native of the Eall Indies ? 

 VVc have fecn no fpeciracn, but the figures and defcriptiois 

 Vol. XXXIII. 



of this plant reprefent it as having an herbaceous, fimple, 

 leafy _^^7?i. Leaves alternate, or partly oppofite ; fometimcs 

 three in a whorl, feflilc, lanceolate, acute, wavy, entire. 

 Flo-wer-Jlalks axillary and terminal, much (horter than the 

 leaves, three-cleft. Fltivers thrice as long as their italka, 

 ycUowifh. 



Willdenow has feparatcd Lamarck's fig. 2. as a dillinft 

 fpecies, by the name of S. angujlifolia ; but Lamarck him- 

 felf in his lUuilr. p. 318, gives that figure as perhaps onljf 

 a better reprefentation of the original fpecies. The differ- 

 ence indeed between the (tigmas of the two figures is too 

 great to be probable. We (hould think, vnth this author, 

 that the figure in Bontius might rather belong to fomc 

 Volkamcria or Clerodendrum, were it not fpoken of as a 

 pot-herb. After all, who can be certain, that the hiftory 

 of Siphonanthus is not altogether a blunder, and that the 

 original plant itfelf is not a l^olkameria, Clerodendrum, or 

 Ovieda ? 0. mitis, a fpecies very little known to botanifts 

 in general, bears a confiderable refemblance to it, though 

 the inflorefcence differs materially from what is defcribed in 

 Siphonanthus. 



SIPHONIA, from (7i?i'v, a pipe, alluding to the ufei 

 made of the refinous exudation of this tree, io well known 

 under the appellation of elallic gum, or caoutchouc. — Sclireb. 

 Gen. 656. Willd. Sp. PI. v. 4. 567. Mart. Mill. Did. 

 v. 4. Lamarck lUultr. t. 790. (Hevea; Aubl. Guian. 

 871.) — Clafs and order, Monoecia Monadelphia. Nat. Ord. 

 Tricoccit, Linn. Enphorbm, Jufl. 



Gen. Ch. Male, Cal. Perianth of one leaf, bell-(haped, 

 rather globofe, cut half way down into five ereft, acute 

 teeth, reflexed at the margins. Cor. none. Stam. Fila- 

 ments united into a column, (horter tluin the calyx ; an- 

 thers five, nearly ovate, attached to the column below iti 

 fummit. 



Female, Cal. Perianth inferior, of one leaf, bell-(hapcd, 

 fomewhat turbinate, with five acute, fpreading, recurved 

 deciduous teeth, the circular bafe only being permanent. 

 Cor. none. Pi/l. Germen fuperior, globofe, fomewhat 

 conical, fliorter than the calyx ; ftyle none ; ftigmas three, 

 thickifli, depreffed, two-lobed. Peric. Capfule large, three- 

 lobed, depreffed, hollowed out at the bafe, woody, very 

 hard, of three cells, inveiled with a fibrous bark ; each cell 

 with two elaftic valves. Seeds one, two, or three, nearly 

 ovate, with a brittle fpotted fliell. 



Efl". Ch. Male, Calyx bell-(l>aped, five-cleft. Corolla 

 none. Filament columnar, with five anthers. 



Female, Calyx bell-fliaped, five-cleft. Corolla none. 

 Stigmas three, feffile. Capfule of three lobes, with elaftic 

 valves. 



I. S. elajlica. Ela(lic-gum Tree. Martin n. i. (S. 

 Cahuchu; Richard. Willd. n. i. Jatropha ? elaltica ; 

 Linn. Suppl. 422. Hevea guianenfis ; Aubl. Guian. 871. 

 t. 335. " Pao fcringa ; Mem. de I'Acad. des Sc. for 

 17^1. t. 20, bad.")— Native of Brafil, and the forelts of 

 Guiana, bearing fruit in April and May. A tree, wliofe 

 trunk rifes to the height of 50 or 60 feet, witli a thin Rrcy 

 bark, and a foft white wood ; the branches fpreading widely 

 in every direftion. Leaves towards the ends of the branches^ 

 alternate, but crowded, and fpreading in a circular order 

 round the branch, on long (talks ternatc ; leaflets elliptical, 

 obtiife, entire, or minutely undulated, (mooth, retaulatcd 

 with veins ; paler beneath ; each about three incite'; long, 

 and one wide, on a partial (talk about half an inch in 

 length. Commanjooljiaiks rather longer than the leaflets, 

 round, finely downy. Thej?»TO/r/ wc have not feeii, but 

 they are faid to be fmall, downy, as well as thi:ir (Ulks ; 

 the male ones numerous, racemole ; the female folitary, at 

 H tht 



