SKELETON. 



th« former in the male fl<eleton ; but in the female it is often 

 not fo much as double. It is alfo thicker, i:-i comparifon 

 with the fecond bone, in the female. Thefe differences are 

 obfervable in the embryo. 



" The lumbar vertebrae are longer and more (lender ; the 

 facrum broader and more excavated. 



" The oda coccygis are fmaller, more moveable, and 

 direfted more forwards. Some have obferved, that five of 

 thefe bones are met with more frequently in the female than 

 in the male. 



" The ofTa innominata are broader, flatter, and more 

 expanded horizontally. The angle formed between the 

 defcending ramus of the pubes and tlie fymphyfis is more 

 open. The angle between the ofla pubis is acute in the 

 male, but of 80"^ to 90" in the female, where it approaches 

 much more to the figure of an arch. 



" The ifchiatic tuberofities are larger and fmoother. 

 The fpace between the tuberofity and the acetabulum is 

 fmaller; the ifchiatic notch more confiderable ; the foramen 

 ovale larger ; the notch for the tendon of the obturator ex- 

 ternus lefs confiderable. 



" The clavicles are lefs ftrongly curved, fo that the fca- 

 pulx are thrown backwards ; the male clavicles are more 

 arched, and the (houlders therefore brought more forwards. 

 In the m.ale (licleton, the clavicles are inclined a little down- 

 wards, fo as to form an obtufe angle with the llernum ; 

 while they form nearly a right angle in the female. 



" The female fcapulx are fmaller, flesderer, flatter, and 

 have acuter angles. 



" In the female, the thigh-bones are bent more forwards ; 

 the neck forms a greater angle with the body ; the internal 

 condyle is larger, more prominent, and longer, in compa- 

 rifon with the external." 



There are differences in fome parts of the flceleton in the 

 various races of mankind ; that is, certain charafters by 

 which they can be diftinguifhed from each other. The head 

 is the part in which the llrongeft diftiuflive marks are ob- 

 fervable. We have defcribed thefe very fully, and entered 

 at length into a confideration of the way in which they are 

 produced, in the articles Cranium and Man. 



The national differences in llature, in the fize, length, and 

 proportion of the limbs, &c. mull be accompanied with 

 correfponding variations in the bony fabric. But there are 

 no peculiarities of form in the individual bones, no varieties 

 in the configuration of proccdes, or articular heads and ca- 

 vities, nor in their mutual adaptation. On this fubjeft alfo 

 we refer to the article Man. 



The individual diverfities of fize and form mud be attend- 

 ed with differences in the flceleton. The bones are fome- 

 times longer, fometimes thicker. The head may be compa- 

 ratively large or fmall ; the fhoulders broad or contrafted ; 

 the thorax flat or prominent ; the vertebral column more or 

 lefs curved ; the loins thick or (lender ; the thighs or legs, 

 the fingers and toes, longer or (horter, &c. 



Food feems to have no influence on the (keleton. 



External caufes have certainly, in fome inftances, in- 

 fluenced particular parts in individuals ; as the application 

 of artificial prcflure to the head of the newly born. (See 

 Cranium.) The efl'edt of analogous prcflure in contraft- 

 ing the feet of the Chinefe women, producing anchylofis of 

 the articulations, and thus rendering thefe indruments of lo- 

 comotion nearly ulelels, is well known. Similar eflcfts are 

 produced daily on the feet, in compliance with the prevalent 

 notions of beauty in Europe, under our own eyes. 



But a more deflruftive procefs is that of tlic tight-laced 

 ftays of European females, who choofe to fancy that beauty 

 confilU in having the chell large above and narrow below, 



although nature has reverfed thefe proportions. The rtbi 

 are contracted ; the inferior aperture of the chcft narrowed ; 

 the liver, ilomach, and other abdominal vifcera, fubjeAed to 

 a fevere and moll injurious preffure by this barbarous prac- 

 tice of civiHzed people. We have leen the figure of the 

 thorax quite altered by this pradlice ; the lower ribs being 

 puflied in on the liver, and having left deep indentations in 

 that organ. See Sommerring's German treatife on this fub- 

 jeft : " Von der Schadlichkeit der Schnurbriiften." 



Theeffeft of artificial caufes in modifying the form, has, 

 however, been much exaggerated ; the round fhape of the 

 fliuU in the Turks being afcribed to their turbans, &c. A 

 change is only to be eflefted by confiderable and continued 

 preffure on the bones in their growing Hate. Thefe altera- 

 tions are merely individual ; they do not affeft the race ; as 

 the offspring are born with the ordinary formation and cha- 

 rafters of the fpecies. See Man. 



Defcrlptton of the Plates in 'which the Anatomy of the Skeleton it 

 reprefcnted. 



Ofleology. Plate XVIII.— Front view of 



Anatomy. 

 the fkeleton. 



I. 

 2. 



3- 

 4- 

 5- 

 6. 



7- 

 8. 



9- 



10. 

 1 1. 

 12. 



i3- 



14. 



•5- 



16. 



17- 

 18. 

 19. 



20. 



22. 

 24. 



26. 



27- 

 28. 

 29. 

 30- 



3'- 

 32- 

 33- 



34- 

 35- 

 36. 

 37- 

 3«- 

 39- 



The Head. 

 Os frontis. 



Right OS parietale or bregmatis. 

 Squamous portion of the right 03 temporis. 

 Maftoid procefs. 

 Meatus auditorius externus. 

 Condyloid procefs of the inferior maxilla. 

 Coronoid procefs 1 



Angle V of the inferior maxilla. 



Symphyfis j 



Right fuperior maxilla. 

 Right OS malx or jugale. 

 Left ditto. 



The Trunk. 



Seventh cervical vertebra. 



Firll rib. 



Eighth or firil falfe rib. 



Fird lumbar vertebra. 



Sacrum. 



Ileum. 



Pubes. 



Ifchium. 



Ul'l'ER EXTKEMITIES. 



Clavicle. 

 Scapula. 

 Acromion. 

 Coracoid procefs. 

 Humerus. 

 Greater tuberofity. 

 Smaller ditto. 

 Eminence for the radius. 

 Trochlea. 

 Internal condyle. 

 Radius. 



Tubercle of tlie radius. 

 Ulna. 



Coronoid procefs of the ulna. 

 Os navicularc, or lcaphoidet<. 

 Os lunarc. 



Os cuiieiformc, or triquetrum. 

 Os pififormc. 



Os trapezium, or multangulum majtis. 

 N 2 



40. Oi 



