SON 



relli's fonatas for the church, there are two bafes, one 

 for the bafe viol, or viol da gamba, and the other for the 

 organ, arch lute or harp, figured for thorough-bafe. 



In vocal mufic, Ji fuona is written over the fymphonj or 

 ritornelli, interftitial pafTages played by an inflrument, either 

 as an echo to the voice part, or to give the finger time to 

 breathe. S'l caiita, " it is fung," to diftinguidi the vocal 

 from the inftrumental pafTages of fongs written on one 

 ftaff. 



SONAUT, or SuNAT Rupee, in Commerce. See 

 Rupee. 



SONAWRY, in Geography, a town of Hindooftan, in 

 Oude ; 20 miles S. of Bahraitch. 



SONAX, a town of France, in the department of 

 Mont Blanc; 4 miles N.N.E. of Chambery. 



SONCHUS, in Botany, myx^; of Diofcorides, fuppofed 

 by fome etymologifts to be corrupted from croftv'or, holloiv, 

 or empty, in allufion to its hollow ftem. This fcems fcarcely 

 fatisfattory, and yet we meet with nothing elfe worth men- 

 tioning. In Englifh it is named Sow-thiille, becaufe fwine 

 are particularly fond of the plant. — Linn. Gen. 400. 

 Schreb. 527. Willd. Sp. PI. v. 3. 1509. Mart. Mill. 

 Di<ft. v. 4. Ait. Hort. Kew. v. 4. 436. Sm. Fl. Brit. 

 815. Prodr. Fl. Grxc. Sibth. v. 2. 124. Purlh 501. 

 Juir. 169. Tourn. t. 268. Lamarck lihiilr. t. 649. 

 Gxrtn. t. 158. — Clafs and order, Syngenefia Polygamia- 

 eqiwlis. Nat. Ord. Compofite femiflofculofa, Linn. Cicho- 

 raceit, Jufl. 



Gen. Ch. Common Calyx imbricated, bellying, of nume- 

 rous, linear, unequal fcales. Cor. compound, imbricated, 

 uniform ; florets all perfeft, numerous, equal, of one petal, 

 ligulate, linear, abrupt, with five teeth. Stam. Filaments 

 five, capillary, very fiiort ; anthers united into a cylindri- 

 cal tube. Pi/l. Germen nearly ovate ; llyle thread- (haped, 

 the length of the (tamens ; iligmas two, reflcxed. Peric. 

 none, except the calyx, clofiiig into tiie form of a deprelied 

 globe, with a conical point. Seeds folitary, rather oblong ; 

 down capillary, feffile. Recept. naked. 



EfT. Ch. Receptacle naked. Calyx imbricated, fwell- 

 ing at the bafe. Seed-down fimple, feflile. 



Having detailed at length the fpecies of Scorzon'era, 

 (fee that article,) a genus which has been, in feveral in- 

 ftances, confounded with the prefent, we find it necefTary 

 to give a reformed view of Sonchus, fjllowing WiUdenow 

 in the diltribution of the fpecies. 



1. S. maritimus. Sea Sow-thiftle. Linn. Sp. PI. 1 1 16. 

 Willd. n. I. Ait. n. i. Prodr. Fl. Grsc. n. 1889. 

 AUion. Pedem. v. 223. t. 16. f. 2. Cavan. Ic. v. i. 38. 

 t. 51. — Flower-llalks moltly folitary, terminal, naked. 

 Leaves clafping the Hem, lanceolate, undivided, with (harp 

 reflexed teeth. — Native of maritime fituations in the Ibuth 

 of Europe, and north of -'\frica. Dr. Sibthorp met with 

 it in Crete. Miller cultivated this plant in 1748, but it is 

 hardly to be feen in any garden at prefent, either here or on 

 the continent. The root is perennial. Stem herbaceous, 

 about two feet high, fiender, round, fcarcely divided. 

 Leaves near a foot long, narrow, fmooth, glaucous, with a 

 double fet of fmall, (harp, recurved teeth ; their bafe taper- 

 ing, entire, clafping the item at the bottom. Flowers fome- 

 times two or three, on long, (lightly brafteated, (talks, 

 yellow, above an inch in diar^eter, with a fmooth calyx. 



2. S, craJIfelius. Thick-leaved Sow-thiftle. Willd. 

 n. 2. Pourret MSS. — " Flower-flalks fomewhat umbel- 

 late, fcaly. Ltavcs lanceolate, with fprcading pointed 

 leeth ; their bafe rotmded, clafping the ftem." — Native of 

 ■Spain. Root perennial. This pLnt is intermediate be- 

 ivieen $• maritimus and arvenfts, but moft akin to the for- 



SON 



mer. Stem fimple, creft. Leaves thick and glaucoms, nn» 

 equally toothed ; the teeth lanceolate, fpreading at right 

 angles. Flowers the fize of the preceding, terminal, fome- 

 what umbellate, with very fliort, fohtary, fingle-flowered, 

 axillary ilalks, from the uppermoft leaves. 'Ezch Jlali is 

 fcaly, and fhorter than its calyx. 



3. S. uliginofiis. Bog Sow-thiftle. " Marfchall vou 

 Bieberltein." Fifcher MSS. — Flower-flalks fomewhat 

 umbellate, naked, much longer than the calyx. Leaves 

 elliptic-oblong, with copious, fpreadine:, pointed teeth ; 

 their bafe rounded, clafping the item. — Native of mount 

 Caucafus. Communicated under the above name, by Dr. 

 Fifcher of Mofcow. This feems nearly related to the laft. 

 The Jlem is ereft, ftout, fomewhat branched, three feet or 

 more in height, round, fmooth, leafy. Leaves four or five 

 inches long, and above an inch broad, acute, fmooth, veiny, 

 rather thick or coriaceous, flightly glaucous, bordered with 

 very numerous fpinous teeth, projefting at right angles. 

 Flowers refembling the lail, four or five together in termi- 

 nal umbels, whofc ftalks are quite naked and fmooth, as 

 well as the calyx. 



4. S. quercifoliui. Oak -leaved Shrubby Sow-thiftle. 

 Desfont. Atlant. v. 2. 225. t. 213. Willd. n. 3. — Flower- 

 ftalks fomewhat corymbofe, alternate, flightly fcaly. Calyx- 

 fcales loofcly imbricated. Leaves oblong, finuatcd, toothed, 

 fomewhat three-pointed. Stem flirubby. On hills near 

 Cafsa in Barbary. Stem from one to two feet high, branched, 

 thick and flcfliv. Leaves fcattered, from four to eight 

 inches long, very fmooth and glaucous, rather fucculent, 

 evergreen, pinnatifid, with (harp lobes, directed forward 

 rather than backward, their bafe tapering down ir.to a 

 fliort dilated footjlalh. Flowers terminal, yellow, about 

 an inch and a half broad, four or five together in a lax 

 corymbofe panicle. Scales of the calyx ovate, fmooth, 

 not clofe-preded. Desfontaines. 



5. S. fruiicofus. Great Shrubby Sow-thiftle. Linn. 

 Suppl. 346. Willd. n. 4. Ait. n. 2. Jacq. Coll. v. i. 

 83. Ic. Rar. t. 161. L'Herit. Stirp. t. 81. — Flower- 

 llalks fomewhat umbellate, brafteated. Calyx-fcales 

 loofely imbricated. Leaves oblong, finuated, flightly rnn- 

 cinated, toothed. Stem (hrubbv. — Gathered by Mr. Maflon 

 on rocks in the iflands of Tenerifte and Madeira, from 

 whence it has found its way into th; more curious green- 

 houfes of this and other countries. The habit is much 

 like the laft, with a thick flefhy_^«m. The chief difference 

 feems to confift in the more umbellate iiiflorefcence, accom- 

 panied by leafy IraSeai. The calyx is iqu.irrofe in a dried 

 itate only. Flowers like the co.nmon Dandelion in fize 

 and colour. 



6. S. acidus. Sour Sow-thiftle. Willd. n. 5. — " Flower- 

 ftalks branched, naked. Calyx-fcales fpreading. Leaves 

 pinnatifid, with oblong-lanceolate, pointed, entire fegments. 

 Seem fhrubby." — Gathered in Morocco by Mr. Schoufboe. 

 Leaves half a foot long, ft.lKed, fmooth. Flower-Jlalhs 

 very much branched, fomewhat forked, and partly umbel- 

 late. Flowers the fize of .9. arvenjis. WiUdenow. 



7. S. pinnatus. Wing-leaved Sow-thiftle. Ait. ed. I. 

 V. 3. 116. ed. 2. n. 3. Willd. n. 6. — " Flower-ftalks 

 naked. Calyx fmooth. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets linear- 

 lanceolate, flightly toothed. Stem flirubby." — Gathered 

 by Mr. Mafton in Madeira, from whence it was introduced 

 into the greenhoufe at Kew, in 1777, but it feems never 

 to have flowered, and is now perhaps loft. 



8. S. radicatus. Long-rooted Sow-thiftle. Ait. ed. I. 

 V. 3. 116. ed. 2. n. 4. Willd. n. 7. — " Flower-ftalks 

 naked, fmooth hke the calyx. Stem fhrubby, almolt 

 naked. Radical leaves lyrate, fmooth on both fides, with 



triangular 



