SONCHUS. 



Flowers numerous, large, pale blue, lefs vivid than thofe of 

 the Wild Succorj'. BraSeas fmooth, rounded at the bafe, 

 with long, taper points. Calyx fmooth. Its outer fcales 

 fomewhat cordate. 



27. S. macrophyllus. Large-leaved Hairy Blue Sow- 

 thiftle. Willd. n. 25. Purfh n. 3. (S. canadenfis ; Froe- 

 lich in Ufter's Anna), v. 1. 29. S. n. i ; Gronov. Virg. 

 ed. 2. 115. " Chondrilla fylveftris alta, flore cieruleo fpe- 

 ciofo, foliis finuatis longis acuminatis alternis, Icviter hir- 

 futis, caule ad cacumen ramofo, femine nigro, pappis albis 

 et quafi argenteis inftruAo ; Clayt. n. 139.") — Flowcr- 

 ftalks hairy, panicled. Leaves lyrate ; heart-(haped at the 

 bafe ; hairy beneath. — In fhady low grounds, near fprings, 

 from Pennfylvania to Carolina, flowering in Augull and 

 September. From four to feven feet high. Flowers blue, 

 the fize of Clchorium Intyhus. Root tuberous. Purjh. 

 Mr. Froelich, above quoted, defcribes this fpecies as havmg 

 for fome years been cultivated in the botanic garden at Er- 

 lang, with fimple, fpatulatc radical leaves a foot long, which 

 wither before x.\ie flowers come to perfeftion ; their ribs and 

 veins hairy beneath ; ihejlem-leaves lyrate, toothed, fomewhat 

 fringed ; much dilated, heart-fhaped, rounded, and finely 

 toothed, at the bafe ; paler and hairy beneath ; their ter- 

 minal lobe very large, triangular, in loine degree heart- 

 fhaped ; the intermediate ones ovate, obtufe, unequal : upper 

 leaves more fimple, fpatulate, very broad at their bafe, with 

 fcarcely any intermediate lobes. Panicle with alternate, 

 hairy, fubdivided, unequal branches ; the upper ones longelt 

 and mod: compound. Flower-Jlalks unequal, credt, denfely 

 clothed with glutinous hairs, and bearing one or two fcales. 

 BraHeas lanceolate, pointed, hairy, much fhorter than the 

 partial ftalks. Calyx half an mch long, cylindrical, pale 

 violet ; its inner fcales about fourteen, linear, equal, thin at 

 the edges ; outer Ihorter, fcattered, unequal, clofely imbri- 

 cated, a little hairy at the back. Florets from thirty-four 

 to forty, of a purpli(h flefli-colour, with hairy tubes. Seeds 

 ovate-oblong, triangular, llriated. Down feflile, roughifh, 

 very white. Odour of the plant like opium, difagreeable, as 

 ivell as the tajle, which is bitter. Of this little-known fpe- 

 cies we fufpetl there is an imperfett fpecimen in the Lin- 

 nxan herbarium, firlt marked as having been communicated 

 by Kalm, and then by Gmehn, a reference to Sonchus, n. 12. 

 Fl. Sibir. v. 2. I2. t. 4. f. i, being at the back. This laft 

 is an error, the faid figure anfwering bell to S. alpinus of 

 moll authors, c^ruleus of Fl. Brit. which\ve fufpett to have 

 been Gmelin's plant. He mentions having feen but a fingle 

 fpecimen, or we (liould think it had been one of his, now 

 alfo in our hands, which Linnaeus, by a parallel error to the' 

 above, has marked as coming from Kalm, and delcribed by 

 the name of canadenfis. At lealt, Linnasus's having con- 

 fufcd liimfelf about thefetwo fpecimens, may account for his 

 defcribing as a Canadian plant, what no one has ever found 

 in that country ; for Mr. Purlh evidently admits it on report 

 only, by the name of alpinus. 



28. S. ceerukuj. Alpine Hairy Blue Sowthiftle. Camer. 

 Epit. 281. Fl. Brit. n. i. Engl. Bot. t. 2425. (S. cana- 

 denfis ; Linn. Sp. PI. ill J. S. montanus ; Lamarck Dift. 

 v. 3. 401. S. alpinus ; Willd. n. 26. Ait. n. 12, exclud- 

 ing the reference to Fl. Lapp. Purfh n. 4. Froelich in 

 Uft. Annal. v. i. 26. Fl. Dan. t. 182. S. cseruleus lati- 

 fohus ; Bauh. Hilt. v. 2. 1005. S. flore ciruleo ; Ger. 

 Em. 294. S. n. 20; Hall. Hill. v. i. 9.) — Flower-ilalks 

 hairy, racemofe, with (etaceous braftoae. Leaves fomewhat 

 lyrate ; arrow-fliaped at the bale ; their tenninal lobe tri- 

 angular, very large. — Native of alpine pallures in various 

 parts of Europe, flowering in July and Auguft. The late 



Mr. G. Don found it on Lochnjgore, Aberdeen (Kirei wrhicli 

 is the only authority for retaining it in our Flora Bntannica; 

 S. alpinus of former Britilh writers being only Cichorium In- 

 iybus, admitted on the word of a Northumberland writer, 

 Icarcely more correft than he who defcribed the lemon, as 

 growing on the bleak Welfh crag of Penmaen Mawr. Thii 

 ipccies has a flclhy, perennial, tufted root. Stems about a 

 yard high only, fimple, leafy. Leaves confiding chiefly of 

 a large, triangular, toothed, fliarply-pointed lobe, on a 

 bordered, flightly pinnatifid, ftalk, clalping the Hem with 

 an arrow-fliaped bafe ; the under fide glaucous, with now 

 and then a few hairs on the rib : the uppermoft leaves are 

 often quite linear, and merely fringed. Clujler terminal, 

 folitary, ereft, many-flowered, fcarcely compound, its ftalks, 

 like the calyx, rough with copious, red, glutinous, promi- 

 nent hairs. BraBeas linear or fetaceous. Corolla of a fine 

 blue. Anthers red. Seed-down roughiih. 



Linnius originally confounded this with his true S. al- 

 pinus., which has given rife to much confufion and contro- 

 verly ; for authors, indolently following fome of his fyno- 

 nyms, without regarding his definitions, have been thus led 

 widely aftray ; nor can we icreen their errors, by allotving 

 them to change a fixed and primary Linnxan name. The 

 learned and candid Mr. Froelich only has any claim to at- 

 tention on this fubjeft. He would call this plant alpinus, 

 becaufe Linnseus has, in Philofophiu Botanica, p. 273 & 274, 

 inadvertently fpoken of his true alpinus, by the name oi lap- 

 ponicus. So has he there called his oleraceus, Uvis i hxi pa- 

 lujlris, belgicus ; and his Cichorium Intybus, fcanenfe ; all 

 which errors he has correfted ia his own copy of the work ; 

 nor did he dream of their mifleading any body. Even La- 

 marck has ufed the name of alpinus, according to its ori- 

 ginal dellination, and fo we fhall prefume Hill to apply it ; 

 fee the following fpecies. 



29. S. alpinus. Alpine Scaly Blue Sow-thiftle. Linn. 

 Sp. PL 1 117. Fl. Suec. ed. 2. 269, excluding all, except 

 Linnsean, fynonyms. Fl. I.iapp. ed. 2. 240. Lamarck 

 Dift. v. 3. 400. Sm. Plant. Ic. t. 21. (S. lapponicus ; 

 Froelich in Uft. Annal. v. i. 26. Wilkl. n. 27.) — Flower- 

 ftalks Icaly, racemofe, ereft. Leaves pinnatifid, pointed, 

 toothed, fmooth ; glaucous beneath. Stem fimple. — Found 

 by Linnseus on the fides of hills, and in valleys, among the 

 Lapland alps, where it is extremely common, though not 

 known in any other part of the world. The Laplanders 

 peel the ftalks, before flowering, and cat the flelhy part, 

 which Linnsus thought too bitter, without the ufual fcafon. 

 ing of a fallad. He fpeaks of this plant as extremely hand- 

 fome, the height of a man, or taller, with a llraight, rigid, 

 leafy y?fm. The leaves are fmooth and fliining, deeply pin- 

 natifid, fliarply toothed ; rounded, but not dilated nor clafp* 

 ing, at the bafe ; glaucous beneath. Clujler more or lefs 

 compound, long, denfe ; lUjlalks not at all hairy or downy, 

 but clothed with imbricated, concave, acute, flieathing Icalei. 

 Flowers blue, about half the fize of tlie laft, but much 

 more numerous. Calyx ovate, fmooth. The late profeflor 

 WiUdenow informed us, in 1796, that this rare plant wa» 

 then growing luxuriantly, in the garden of Mr. Kraufe, at 

 Berlin. He favoured us with feeds, but they did not 

 fucceed. The root is marked as biennial. 



30. S. leucophdus. Pale-blue American Sovv-thiftlc. Willd. 

 n. 28. Purfli n. 5. (S. fpieatus ; Lamarck Dift. v. 3. 401.) 

 — Flower-ftalks fcaly, racemofe, drooping. Leaves pinna- 

 tifid, toothed, fmootli. Stem wand-like, panicled. — On the 

 borders of woods, by road fides, from New England to 

 Virginia, flowering from July to September. Root biennial. 

 Flowert fmall, white tinged with blue. Purjl. Lamarck 



X X 3 fay* 



