s o o 



S O P 



Carbonated ammonia is extrafted from it in the large way 

 in feveral manufaftories of this fait. 



Soot of Franhncenfe, is the fmalleft and fiiiell part of the 

 incenfe called olibanum, or male iiicenfe ; burnt after the 

 manner of rofin, to make lamp-black. 



Soot, Wood, was formerly regarded as a good medicine in 

 many cafes, but the principles upon which it atted as fuch 

 were never well underftood, till Buerhaave gave a regular 

 analyfis of it. The directions he gives for the procefs are 

 thefe. 



Choofe the blackeft and dryelt wood-foot from the chim- 

 ney of an oven, where nothing is baked but bread, and 

 nothing burnt but vegetables ; gather this in a dry day, and 

 fill with it a glafs retort almoft up to the neck ; clean the 

 neck of the retort, and luting on a receiver, give a fire of 

 ljo°, and keep it up equably, a large quantity of tranf- 

 parent water will come over with confiderable violence. 

 When no more water will come over, cleanfe the receiver, 

 and raifing the fire to a little above 200°, there will then 

 come over a whitifh fat liquor ; this alfo comes over with 

 great violence, and the fire muft be gradually increafed, till 

 no more of this will come. Change the receiver, and raife 

 the fire to a yet greater degree, and a yellow, copious, vo- 

 latile fait will come over, and ftick all over the fides of the 

 new receiver. When no more of this fait will arife, increafe 

 the fire to the utmoft that fand can give, and with a heat of 

 fuppreifion there will arife a black thick oil ; when this is 

 all come over, and the vedels cooled, there will be found in 

 the neck of the retort a fait, which could be raifed no 

 higher, even by that violent fire ; and in the bottom of the 

 retort there remains a black feculent matter, the upper fur- 

 face of which is covered with a white falinecrull, which, both 

 in figure, colour, and the llrufture of its itrise, refembles 

 the common fal ammoniac. If the milky liquor be reftified, 

 it affords a very penetrating volatile fpirit, and fome (harp 

 volatile fait. 



Here we are taught what the agitation of an open fire can 

 move, change, expel, and drive through the air by burning ; 

 firll in the form of fmoke, then of flame, and lafUy of ex- 

 halation, and how high it is able to carry them ; for a chim. 

 ney is a kind of ftill-head, converging in an open top, and 

 foot is often carried up thirty or forty feet, or more, to the 

 top of thefe, and after this a black fmoke is difcharged out 

 of the orifice, which difperfes in the air, and finally feems to 

 vanifli. 



From his accurate analyfis of wood-foot, we may learn, 

 fays Boerhaave, that foot, which contains fo many adlive 

 principles, mud be qualified for a powerful medicine. Pills 

 of dry foot are found very beneficial in all cold ditlempers ; 

 the volatile fait of foot pofTefles the virtues of tlie volatile 

 falts of animals. The fait which rift-s lall is recommended 

 greatly by Hartman for giving relief in cancers ; and this is 

 very probable, fince fal ammoni;ic of the common kind, 

 properly applied, is known to be of great ufe in cafes of 

 running cancers. Soots of different fuels are not all to be 

 fuppoted to pofTefs the fame virtues ; that of pit-coal is found 

 to be a fubllance of a very different kind from that of 

 wood ; and that of the common turf or peat, and of the 

 oak-wood, have alfo been found, on experiment, to be very 

 different. 



Boerhaave very juftly obferves, that the foot from kitchen- 

 chimneys, where the fmoke mull have been impregnated 

 with the effluvia of the vidtuals, mull be very different from 

 pure wood-foot. Bocrhaave's Chemiflry. 



Wood-foot was formerly direfted in hylteric cafes, and in 

 different nervous diforders, as an antifpafmodic and corrobo- 

 rant. It was ufed chiefly in the form of a fpirituous tincture, 

 Vol. XXXIII. 



in conjundlion, commonly, with affa-foetida, or other mate, 

 rials of fimilar intention : the officinal tinfture was drawn 

 from two ounces of loot, and one of afl"a-/tetida, with a 

 quart of proof fpirit. 



The virtues of the foot are extrafted almoft equally by 

 proof fpirit, reftified fpirit, and water, each of which, if the 

 foot is of a good kind, difiblvcs about one-fourth of it. 



The extrafts, obtained by infpiiiating the filtered folu- 

 tions, are very bitter, and the fpirituous extraft retains molt 

 perfeftly the peculiar flavour of the foot. Lewis. 



Diofcorides (hews how to make a foot of butter, which 

 was thought to have feveral ules in medicine. The foot 

 found in furnaces of glafs-houfes is ufed by painters. 



SOOTA, in Geography, a town of Japan, on the N. 

 coafl of the ifland of Sado. 



SOOTEEAH, a town of Hindoollan, in Bahar ; 15 

 miles N.N.E. of Chuprah. 



SOOTEREE, a town of Bengal; 12 miles S.E. of 

 Ramgur. 



SOOTICH, a town of Bengal; 15 miles N.N.E. of 

 Kifhenagur. 



SOOTY, a town of Bengal ; 30 miles N.E. of Calcutta. 

 — Alfo, a town of Bengal ; 27 miles N. of Moorfhedabad. 

 N. lat. 24° 2;'. E. long. 88'=' II'. 

 SOPE. See Soap. 



SOPEDIERO, in Geography, a town of Mexico, in 

 New Bifcay ; 140 miles S.S.W. of Parral. 



SOPETRAN, a town of Spain, in New Caflilc ; 10 

 miles N. of Guadalaxara. 



SOPHA, in Ancient Geography, a town of Paleftine, in 

 the tribe of Zebulon, according to Epiphanius. 



SOPHANITjE, a people of Arabia Fehx, placed by 

 Ptolemy in the fouthern part of that country. 



SOPH AR, a town of Judea, in the tribe of Gad. 

 SOPHECLA, in Geography, a fmall ifland in the gulf 

 of Engia ; 5 miles N.W. of Engia. 



SOPHENA,Zopii, in yfnctent Geography, a country of 

 Afia, in the Greater Armenia, N. of Mefopotamia and 

 Comagene, between the mountains Mafius and Antitaurus. 

 according to Strabo. 



SOPHERA, in Botany. See Cassia and Soi-hora 

 SOPHI, or Son, a title of quality, given to the em- 

 peror of Perfia ; importing as much as wife, lage, or philo- 

 fopher. 



Tlic title is by fome faid to have taken its rife from a 

 young (hepherd thus named, who attained to the crown of 

 Perfia in 1370; others derive it hocn l\\i fcphoi, or fage.s 

 anciently called magi- Voffius gives a diflerent account of 

 the word : fophi, in Arabic, he obferves, fignifics wool ; 

 and he adds, that it was applied by the Turks out of de- 

 rifion to the kings of Perfia, ever fince Iflim.iel's time ; bc- 

 caufe, according to their fcheme of religion, lie is to wear no 

 other covering on his head, but an ordinary, red, woollen 

 ftuff ; whence the Perfians are alfo called har^rlbafchs, q d 

 red-heads. But Bochart afi'uros us, that fophi, in the orip,i- 

 nal Perfian language, fignifies one that ic pire in his religion, 

 and who prefers the fervice of God in all things : and derivci 

 it from an order of religious called by the fame name. 



The fophis pride thcmfelves, and with fonic rcafon, o^ 

 their illuftrious extraftion ; the race being fccond to none in 

 the Ealt. They arc defccnded in a right Imc from Houflein, 

 fccond fon of Ali, Mahomet's coufin, and Fathima, Ma- 

 homet's daughter. 



There is no prince in the world whofe authority is more 

 abfohitc than that of the fophi of Perfia ; his power is not 

 even limited by any laws lie himfelf can make ; but he fuf- 

 Dcudi, chanires, and annuls them at pleafuiv. See Soi-itrs. 

 * '' Zz !jOPHIA = 



