sou 



sou 



burgh money. The tolls paid at the pafTage of the Sound are 

 reckoned in rix-doUars, Swedifh fpecie, which are i2^/fr 

 cent, better than crown money, and therefore l<)^ per cent. 

 better than Danifh currency; but this rix-doUar is 21 per 

 cent, worfe than the effeftive rix-dollar fpecie of 7 marks 

 6 (kilhngs Danifh currency. The tolls are alfo fometimes 

 fettled in crown money. In paying duties at the Sound, 

 the (hippond is reckoned for 300 lbs. ; the ftein or (tone for 

 30 lbs. ; the RulTian berkovitz for 300 lbs. ; and the pood for 

 jolbs. Here are alfo certain regulations for foreign meafures, 

 an abftraft of which is given in Kelly's Cambift. 



Sound, in the Manege. A horfe is faid to be found that 

 does not halt. When a jockey fells a horfe he warrants him 

 found hot and cold ; that is, that he does not halt either 

 when you mount him or when he is heated, nor yet after 

 alighting, when he ftands and cools. 



Sound, an inllrument which furgeons introduce through 

 the urethra into the bladder, in order to difcover whether 

 there is a ilone in this vifcus or not. The found is ufually 

 made of very highly polifhed fteel, that it may be well calcu- 

 lated for conveying to the furgeon's fingers, a fenfation of 

 any thing againlt which its end may flrike. It is alfo gene- 

 rally lefs curved than a catheter, fo that its end may be more 

 eafily inclined to the lower part of the bladder, where the 

 Itone is mod frequently fituated. 



SOUND-BOARD, or Wind-chejl, of an organ, is the 

 principal part of that moft noble and comprehenfive inllru- 

 ment, and that which feeda all the pipes with wind. See 

 Organ. 



The found-board, or fommier, as it is called in France, is 

 a refervoir, into which the wind drawn in by the bellows is 

 conduded by a port-vent, and thence dillributed into pipes 

 placed over the holes of its upper part. The wind enters 

 the pipes by valves, which are opened by preffiiig the keys, 

 after drawing the regifters by the ftops, which prevent the 

 air from going into any of the pipes, except thofe required. 

 Organs, whofe longell pipe in the diapafon is four feet, have 

 ♦heir found-board from five to fix feet. Organs of fixteen 

 feet have two found-boards, which communicate the wind 

 from one to the other, by means of a pewter port-vent. 



SOUND-HOLM, in Geography, one of the fmaller 

 Shetland iflands, near the S.W. coaft of Yell. 



SOUNDING, in Navigation, the aft of trying the depth 

 of the water, and the quality of the bottom, by a line and 

 plummet, or other srtifice. 



There are two plummets ufed for this purpofe ; one of 

 which is called the hand-lead, weighing about 8 or 9 lbs. and 

 the other the deep-fea lead, which weighs from 25 to 30 lbs. 

 and both are fhaped like the fruftum of a cone or pyramid. 

 The former is ufed in (hallow waters, and the latter at a 

 great diftance from the (horc, particularly on approaching 

 the land after a fea voyage. Accordingly, the lines employed 

 for this purpofe are called the deep-fea lead-line and the 

 hand-lead line. The hand-lead line, which is ufually 20 

 fathoms in length, is marked at every 2 or 3 fathoms ; fo 

 that the depth of the water may be afccrtaincd cither in the 

 day or night : at tlie depth of 2 and 3 fathoms, there are 

 marks of black leather ; at 5 fathoms, there is a white rag ; 

 at 7, a red rag; at 10, and at 13, black leather; at 15, a 

 white rag ; and at 17, a red one. 



Sounding with the hand-lead, which the feamen call heav- 

 ing the lead, is generally performed by a man who (lands in 

 the main-chains to windward. Having the line all ready to 

 run out, without interruption, he holds it nearly at the dif- 

 tance of a fathom from the plummet, and having fw\ing the 

 latter backwards and forwards three or four timen, in order 

 to acquire the greater velocity, he fwings it round his head, 



and thence as far forwards as is neceflary ; lo that, by the 

 lead's finking whilft the (hip advances, the line may be almoft 

 perpendicular when it reaches the bottom. The perfon 

 founding then proclaims the depth of the water in a kind of 

 fong, refembling the cries of hawkers in a city ; thus, if the 

 mark of 5 is clofe to the furface of the water, he calls, ' by 

 the mark 5,' and as there is no mark at 4, 6, 8, &c. he efti- 

 mates thofe numbers, and calls, ' by the dip 4, Sec' If he 

 judges it to be a quarter or a half more than any particular 

 number, he calls, ' and a quarter 5,' and ' a half 4,' &c. 

 If he conceives the depth to be three-quarters more than a 

 particular number, he calls it a quarter lefs than the next : 

 thus, at 4 fathoms f , he calls, « a quarter lefs 5,' and fo on. 



The deep-fea lead-line is marked with two knots at 20 

 fathoms, 3 at 30, 4 at 40, &c. to the end. It is alfo marked 

 with a fingle knot at the middle of each interval, as at 25, 

 35, 45 fathoms, &c. To ufe this lead more effeftually at 

 fea, or in deep water on the fea-coaft, it is ufual previoufly 

 to bring-to the fhip, in order to retard her courfe : the lead 

 is then thrown as far as poflible from the (hip on the line of 

 her drift, fo that as it finks, the fhip drives more perpendi- 

 cularly over it. The pilot feeling the lead ftrike the bottom, 

 readily difcovers the depth of the water by the mark on the 

 line neareft its furface. The bottom of the lead being alfo 

 well rubbed over with tallow, retains the diltinguilhing marks 

 of the bottom, as fhells, ooze, gravel, &c. which naturally 

 adhere to it. 



The depth of the water, and the nature of the ground, 

 which are called the foundings, are carefully marked in the 

 log-book, as well to determine the diftance of the place 

 from the (hore, as to correft the obfervations of former 

 pilots. Falconer. 



For a machine to meafure unfathomable depths of the fea, 

 fee Altitude. 



Sounding the Pump, at Sea, is done by letting fall a fmall 

 line, with fome weight at the end, down into the pump, to 

 know what depth of water there is in it. 



Sounding, in Surgery, the operation of introducing the 

 found. Sec Searchikc for the Stone. 



SOUNDIPOUR, in Geography, a town of Hindooftan, 

 in Bahar, 8 miles S. of Rotalgur. 



SOUNE, a fmall ifland in the Indian fea, near the coall 

 of Africa. S. lat. 10° 5'7'. 



SOUNISA, a town of Afiatic Turkey, in the govern- 

 ment of Sivas ; 27 miles N. of Tocat. 



SOUNMEN Hakiio Hotun, or Soumen Char, a town 

 of Chincfe Tartary, in the province of Hami ; 15 miles 

 N.W. of Hami-Hotun. 



SOUP, or Soop, a kind of pottage made of bread, and 

 broth, or of the juice of flclh, or other matters, ufually 

 ferved at the beginning of a meal. 



The word is French, formed from the Itahan, %uppa, or 

 fuppa, of the Latin, fapa, wine boiled away to a third part. 

 Others derive it from tne Celtic, fouben, which fignifies the 

 fame. 



Soup is eltecmed effcntial to a French dinner. Sometimes 

 they heighten the relilh by the addition of onions, or leeks, 

 or cabbage, or turnips, &c. 



SouF, Porlalle, is a kind (if cake, formed of concentrated 

 broth, which, being freed from all fat, and havnig by long 

 boiling evaporated the moll jiutrefcent parts of the meat, it 

 reduced to the confiUence ol a ^>lue, as in reality it is, and 

 will, like other jjlues, in a dry place, keep found for years 

 together. Sir John Pringlc inclines to believe, that the 

 gelatinous parts of animal lubftances, iuch as compofe thefe 

 cakes, are not of a nature much difpofed to putrefy. But, 

 however that be, captain Cook obfcrvci, that, in tut voyage 



(lee 



