sou 



nave 59 feet. The oldeft parts, the nave, wefteni towers, 

 and tranfept, are commonly laid to be of Saxon architefture, 

 built during the fliort reign of Harold ; but we (hould rather 

 refer them to an age after the Norman conquelt. The 

 choir, with its fplendid (tone (tails, as well as the very beau- 

 tiful chapter-houfe, are all about the date of Edward III.'s 

 reign. Between the nave and the choir is a ftone fcreen of 

 very elaborate workmanlhip, with niches, pilafters, pinnacles, 

 crockets, &c. A large alabafter altar-tomb is raifed in tliis 

 church to the memory of archbifhop Sandys. In the 

 church-yard was a college for chanting-ptiells. Here is 

 now a free-fchool, under the care and government of the 

 chapter, who choofes the mafter. Two fellowfhips and two 

 fcholarlhips in St. John's college, Cambridge, are in the 

 prefentation of Southwell college. Thefe were founded by 

 Dr. Keton, canon of Salifbury, in the time of Henry VHI. 

 The archbifliops of York formerly had a palace here, fituated 

 on the fouth fide of the church-yard, and which was once a 

 large and elegant building : the ruins of it are ftill extenfive, 

 but diverted of all its architeftural forms. Some windows, 

 and a circularchimney of the age of Henry VIII. , yet remain, 

 and being deeply overlhadowed with ivy and embofomed in 

 trees, add much to the romantic beauty of the place. The 

 archiepifcopal parks were once four in number ; or, accord- 

 ing to Leland, three ; but they have been divided and en- 

 clofed fince the deltruftion of the palace in the civil war of 

 Charles I. During thofe unhappy times the king was often 

 here ; and the town frequently experienced the fate of war. 

 Southwell, according to the population return of 181 1, 

 contained 561 houfes, occupied by 2674 perfons : though 

 not a place of much trade, it has a refpeftable market 

 on Saturdays, and an annual fair. Dickinfon's Hiftory 

 and Antiquities of Southwell, ^to. 1787. At the end 

 of Dugdale's Hiftory of St. Pauls, is an account of the 

 church of Southwell. Thoroton's Hiftory, &c. of Notting- 

 hamfhire, by Throlby, in 3 vols. 4to. 1790. 



SOUTH WEST Point, a poft-town of TenefTee, at 

 the confluence of the Clinch with Teneftee river, where a 

 block-houfeis crefted ; 40 miles from Knoxville. 



SOUTHWICK, a townfhip of America, in the ftate of 

 Maftachufetts, and county of Hampfhire ; iio miles from 

 Bofton : incorporated in 1770, and containing 1229 inha- 

 bitants. 



SOUTHWIST. See Wist. 



SOUTHWOLD, a market-town in the hundred of 

 Blything, and county of Suffolk, England, is fituated on 

 an eminence overlooking the German ocean, but nearly fur- 

 rounded by the river Blyth, which hire difcharges itfelf into 

 the fen. Its ancient name was Sudwald, or Southwood. It 

 is diftant from Ipfwich 36 miles N.E., and 105 miles, in the 

 fame bearing, from London. The manor was an ancient 

 donation from Alfric, biftiop of the Eaft Angles, to the 

 abbey of Bury St. Edmunds, by which it was held for the 

 viftualling of the monks. From the dimenfions of this 

 manor given in Domefday Survey, Gardner, in his Hiftory 

 of Dunwich, calculates that the fea has fince gained upon 

 this coalt one mile, one furlong, and nineteen perches. In 

 the tenth year of Henry IV. South wold was exempted 

 from the payment of any cuftoms or tolls, for their fmall 

 boats, pafting in or out of the river or port of Dunwich. 

 Henry VII., in confideration of the induflry and good fer- 

 vices of the men of Sonthwold, made the town a free burgh 

 or corporation, to be governed by two bailiffs, a recorder, 

 and twelve aldermen ; to whom and the commonalty he gave 

 liis lorddiip, called Queen'"! demefne revenues, and alfo the 

 privilege of admiralty, for the annual payment of 14/. He 

 further granted them exemption from all dues and culloras 



SOU 



payable to Dunwich, and conferred on the town the rights 

 of a haven, which probably caufed the denomination ofthe 

 port of Dunwich to be changed to that of Southwold. 

 Henry VIII. not only confirmed all his father's grants, but 

 added many gifts, franchifes, and immunities. Thefe royal 

 favours gave great encouragement to the trade and naviga- 

 tion of the town, of which the fifhery conftituted a material 

 part, being carried on by merchants, who annually fitted 

 out vefiels for taking cod and other fifh in the North fea. 

 The herring-fiftiery off their own coaft was highly condu- 

 cive to the profperity of the town. Though in fome degree 

 affefted by the diflolution of religious houfes, yet South- 

 wold retained an extenfive trade, and furpaffed all the neigh- 

 bouring towns in fhipping and commerce. But the greateil 

 calamity that ever befel it was on the 25th of April, 1659, 

 when a fire, heightened by a violcHt wind, confumed, in the 

 fpace of a few hours, the town-hall, market-houfe, prifon, 

 t(ranaries, warehoufes, and 238 dwelling-houfes, and other 

 buildings, with the principal part of the goods and merchan- 

 dize of the inhabitants ; the total lofs exceeded 40,00c/. to 

 the ruin of more than 300 families, fo that the town never 

 recovered its former importance. About a century after- 

 wards the commerce was confiderably improved : the en- 

 trance to the haven being fubjeft to be choaked up, an aft of 

 parhament was obtained for repairing and improving it : one 

 pier was erefted on the north fide of the port in 1749, and 

 another on the fouth in 1752. The eftabliftiment of the 

 Free Britifh Fiftiery, about the fame time, alfo contributed 

 to the profperity of the town ; two docks were conftructcd, 

 and various buildings erefted for making nets and depofiting 

 ftores. A chapel appears to have been built here in the 

 reign of king John, by the prior and monks of Thetford, 

 who were patrons of the church of Reydon, to which 

 Southwold was then only a hamlet. This chapel being de- 

 ftroyedby fire about 220 years after its ereftion, the prefent 

 edifice was erefted about 1460, and was then made parochial, 

 and in 1751 was feparated from Reydon, and made a dif- 

 tinft curacy. The length of this fabric is 143 feet ; the 

 width 56 feet : it has two ailles, feparated from the nave 

 by feven arches, and fix pillars of elegant workmanlhip. 

 The tower, about 100 feet in height, is a fine piece of ar- 

 chitcfture. Though Southwold has many good houfes, it 

 has no other building worthy of particular notice. On the 

 chffs are two batteries, one of which is a regular fortifica- 

 tion, with a par:ipct and fix guns ; the other has but two. 

 On a hill called Eye-hill, veftigcs arc feen of an ancient en- 

 campment, which Gardner conjeftures to have been a camp 

 ofthe Danes, when they invaded the country in lOlO- The 

 population of Southwold in the year l8il was returned to 

 parliament as 1369; the houfes 326. A rcfpeftable mar- 

 ket is held on Thurfday ; and here are two annual fairs. 



Southwold-bay, commonly called Sole-bay, is celebrated 

 as the fcene of a moll obftinate and fanguinary engagement 

 in 1 672, between the combined fleets of England and France 

 on one fide, and the Dutch on the other. The former, con- 

 fifting of loi fail, were lying in this bay on the 28lh of 

 May, when the Dutch fleet, coinpofed of 91 men of war, 

 54 fire-fhips, and 23 tenders, commanded by the famous 

 De Ruytcr, bore down upon them lo unexpeftedly, that 

 many of the (hips were obliged to cut thiii- cables, that 

 they might g<t out more expeditioully, and arrange in order 

 of battle. The French bore but a (in.ill part in the engage- 

 ment, which was vehemently ccinlefted by the Englllh and 

 Dutch during the whole of the day, till at nine at night, 

 the Dutch vefiels being dreadfully fliattercd, were obliged 

 to retreat, and the Englilh, ii.iving ei|u,illy furthered, were 

 not in a condition to purfue them. lu this conflict the Eng- 



9 lith 



