SPAIN. 



According to a ftatement publifhed at Madrid in 1802, 

 the whole population of Spain appears to be 10,409,879 ; 

 and ihofe who conftitute the different clafles as as follow : 



Men 

 Women 



Out of this number, the calculation gives 



Offinglemen, religious, and widowers 

 Of nuns, widows, &c. . - . . 



Total 



Married perfons . . . - . 



5,204,187 

 5,205,692 



10,409,879 



3,257,022 

 3,262,196 



6,519,218 

 3,890,661 



As to the proportion between the extent of territory and 

 the number of inhabitants, no ellimate fufficiently accurate 

 has ever been made in Spain. For want of a more exaft 

 eftimate, we (hall here fubjoin that of HafTel, publilhed at 

 Brunfwick, in the " Statiltique Europeenne," which is lup- 

 pofed to be pretty accurate. According to this, Spain 

 contains 25,145 fquare leagues, of 25 to a degree, and 

 10,730,000 inhabitants, which will allow 425 inhabitants 

 for every fquare league. It will hence be eafy to afcertain 

 the other numbers, by calculating after the proportion of 9 

 to 25. The equatorial degree is 25 French leagues, and 15 

 German miles ; then reckoning their furfaces as the fquares 

 of their lides, 9 fquare German miles are equal to 25 fquare 

 leagues of France. 



Others have ftated the population of Spain at 1 1 ,000,000, 

 and allow 74 perfona to a fquare mile. Of its ancient po- 



pulation, numerous vedigcs exift in various parts of the 

 country. And among the caufes of its depopulation we 

 may reckon the contagious fevers frequent in the fouthern 

 provinces, incelTant inteftine wars, the emigrations to Ame. 

 rica, the invafion of the country by the Moors, the want 

 of encouragement to agriculture, the multitude of de- 

 tached farms, the effeft of the me/la, (which fee,) or wander- 

 ing flocks, the number of unmarried clergy and monks, 

 and, more efpecially, that fanatic and millaken zeal, which 

 profcribed, on account of their religious tenets, two dalles 

 of wealthy and induilrious people, the .lews and the Moors. 

 Thefe were peculiarly valuable, on account of their inti- 

 mate acquaintance with agriculture, arts, trade, and com- 

 merce. An edift idued at Granada, March 30, 1492, 

 againft the advice of the minillry, and many members of the 

 fupreme council, ordained, that every Jew who did not pro- 

 fefs Chriltianity within fix months, fliould be conllraiiicd to 

 quit all countries under the government of the Catholic 

 kings. Another equally impolitic edidl was publifhed in the 

 year 1614, by which numbers of Moors, who, after having 

 been fubdued, had remained peaceably in Spain, were expelled 

 the country. About 100,000 .lewifli families pretended to 

 be converted, and in the ilTue became victims to the inqui- 

 fition. More than 800,000 Jews left the kingdom, and 

 migrated to France, Italy, Africa, and the Levant, and 

 carried with them the wealth and other fpecies of property 

 which they had acquired by induilry and trade. All the 

 Moors, to the amount of 2,000,000, departed, leaving their 

 towns and villages delerted. We might add, as another col- 

 lateral caufe of the depopulation of Spain, the depredatory 

 cruifing of the Barbary pirates, for the fpace of 300 years, 

 by which they made numerous captives, both at iea and by 

 incurfions on the coalts. 



Towards the end of the 8th, and commencement of the 

 9th century, Spain was inhabited by four principal nations ; 

 viz. the natives, then known by the name of Romans ; the 

 Goths, comprehending the remains of the Suevi, Alani, and 

 Vandals, feveral of whom were confounded with the natives 

 and Moors, though a confiderable part had taken refuge in 

 the Alturias and Navarre ; the Moors, with whom the na- 

 tives of Africa were mingled ; and the French, who occu- 

 pied a great part of Catalonia, Navarre, and the Pyrenees. 

 Each of thefe nations brought with it its own genius, man- 

 ners, laws, and cuftoms ; and befides, the cxpiilfion of the 

 Moors from Spain was fucceeded by the formation of feve- 

 ral independent fovereignties, each of which had its own 

 laws and particular form of government. Hence refulted 

 a diverfity of genius, temper, manners and cuftoms ; which, 

 thongh in fome degree modified by the profent uniformity 

 of government, Itill fubfiils ; fo tliat there are no two pro- 

 vinces exaftly refembliiig each other in manners and charadler. 

 Some cuftoms, however, and fome traits of character, cor- 

 refpoiid to one another in all the provinces. The national 

 pride is every where the finie, and this tlie Spaniard energe- 

 tically cxprelies by his gelUires, words, and adions. In 

 many cafes this is the pride of virtue, or a natural dignity of 

 fentiment, which foars above vice and folly. With this pride, 

 which is difcernible in all ranks of life, and in all claffes of 

 fociety, the Spaniards combine, in a very eminent degree, 

 temperance and valour. Of their valour in more remote 

 age.s, Thucydides, Diodorus SiculMS, 1-ivy, Strabo, and 

 Lucius Floriis, furnirti a variety of inllances ; nor have they 

 altogether loll this dillinguifliing quality of their aiicellors. 

 In tins refpeft, fome (hades of difference have been obferved 

 among the military of different provinces. The Galiciani 

 are accounted the bell foldiers in Spain. Strabo has (aid of 

 them, that tiiey were warlike, and that it was difficult to 

 9 fubjugate 



