SPAIN. 



duced the moft injurious effefts ; and the number of monks, 

 under the obligation of celibacy, but under the influence of 

 exiiling paffions, has been very detrimental and even dellruc- 

 tive to morals. The number of the Spanifh clergy has 

 been varioufly ftated by different writers. Mr. Tov/nfcnd 

 dates it at 188,625 ! others compute the clergy at 400,000. 

 Laborde, in 2 table drawn up from the enumeration of them 

 in 1788, reckons the fecular clergy at 60,238, the minilters 

 of churches at 15,8^4, the monks of 1925 convents at 

 49,238, and the nuns of 1081 convents at 22,347; ^"^ 

 reckoning the population at 11,000,000, the clergy of 

 Spain form one-ilxty-ninth of the whole. Spain is divided 

 into ecclefiallical provinces, over which prefides an arch- 

 biihop, with the rank of metropolitan : thefe provinces are 

 again fubdivided into diocefes, each of which is governed 

 by a bilhop. The archbifhoprics are eight in nurjibcr, and 

 the fuffragan billioprics are forty-four. The archiepifcopal 

 feat of Toledo is the firft in rank, and the wealthielt in 

 Spain : it confers on its poiieflbr the title of primate, and 

 a revenue of about 125,000/. fterling. The Mofarabic 

 ritual, adopted in Spain, ou the expulfion of the Arabs, 

 declined after the introduftion of the French princes, and 

 was finally fuperfeded by that of the Romilh church. It 

 JliU fubilfts, however, at Salamanca and Toledo, where are 

 two chapels ferved by a numerous body of clergy, in which 

 public worfhip is performed according to this ancient 

 form. 



Tlie Spanilh nation recognizes no authority or jurifdiftion 

 of the pope in the temporal concerns of ecclefiallical bene- 

 fices. No briefs nor bulls are received, publifhed, or exe- 

 cuted in Spain, unlefs they have been examined by the 

 chamber of Caftile, and have received its exequatur, or 

 licence. 



In confequence of the fame concordat, and of various 

 briefs and royal edifts founded upon it, the king at prefent 

 nominates not only to thofe benefices, the patronage of 

 which belongs to the crown, but alfo to all the benefices in 

 the patronage of the church, which become vacant during 

 any of the eight months formerly referved by the pope, as 

 well as to all thofe that become vacant, in confequence of 

 the former incumbents having been promoted by the king : 

 the crown alfo ifl'ues licences, to enable thofe who are nomi- 

 nated to take poireffion of their preferments. The revenues 

 of confiltorial benefices, during their vacancy, go to the 

 crown, on condition of their being applied to charitable 

 ufes. The annates, demi-annates, and quindennes, belong 

 to the king, who alfo has the right of granting penfions on 

 the archbifhoprics and bifhoprics, to the amount of one- 

 third of their entire revenue. 



The, pope, however, ilill preferves in Spain two very 

 important privileges, namely, the fnpreme adminiflration of 

 the contentious juri/diSion over all cafes that are brought be- 

 fore the ecclefiaiUcal tribunals, and the free and independent 

 nomination to fifty-two of the befl benefices. The impofts 

 of various kinds and denominations, payable by the clergy 

 of Spain, amount annually to about 437,840/. iSs. 2d. 

 iterling, exclnfively of fome other charges. Burgoing. 

 Townfend. Fifcher. Laborde. Pinkerton. 



Hijlory of the Mujic of Spain- — It feems as if a late mu- 

 fical hillorian had placed the Spaniards lower among 

 European muficians, in the 15th and i6th centuries, than 

 in equity they ought to have been, by imagining Morales 

 the firll praftical mufician of eminence in that country, and 

 Salinas the only theorifl that was produced there diu-ing the 

 16th century. (See Morales.) Indeed we know but 

 little of the ftate of mufic in the interior parts of that 

 -kingdom, during this period ; but, if we may judge by the 



muficians it furnifhed to the Papal chapel, both compofers 

 and fingers, we may conclude, that the richeft and moft 

 powerful nation in Europe, as Spain then was, would not 

 breed muficians as the Africans do flaves, or the Circaflians 

 women, merely to tranfport them for the ufe or plcafure of 

 others ; they could doubtlefs then have afforded to keep a 

 few for their own amufement. 



The Spaniards, fo far from neglefting mufic, feem to 

 have taken it very early into the circle of the fciences, in 

 their univerfities ; for Salinas tells us, that the mufical pro- 

 feflbrfhip, which was conferred upon him at Salamanca, 

 had been founded and endowed by Alphonfo, king of Caf- 

 tile, furnamed the Wife. And Bartolomeo Ramis, the 

 opponent of Franchinus, in 1482, was pubhc profeflbr of 

 mufic at Toledo, and afterwards at Bologna. Of Guillerm 

 de Podio, a prieft, we have likewife a work, entitled " Ars 

 Muficorum, five Commentarium Muficx Facultatis," pub- 

 lifhed 1495 ; and another written in the Spanifh language, 

 by Francefco Trovar, " Libro di Mufica Pratica," Bar- 

 celona, 1519; " Arte di Canto Llano," del Alfonfo de 

 Caflillo, Salamanca, 1504 ; " El Maeftro o Mufica de Vi- 

 guela de Mano," by Don Ludovicus Milan, a nobleman of 

 Valentia, 1534 ; " Silva di Sirenas," or a treatife on the 

 vitruela, or viol, by Henrico de Valderrabano, Valladolid, 

 1547 ; " Arte de la Mufica," by Melchior de Torres, al- 

 cala de Herrares, in New Caftile, 1554. At the fame 

 place likewife was pubhfhed, in 1557, " Tratado de Cifra 

 nueva para Tecla, Harpa y Vieguela Canto Llano, de Or- 

 gano y Contrapunto," by Lud. Venegas de Hineilroia. 

 There was likewife publillied at Alcala, by Cyprian de la 

 Huerga, a Cifttrtian monk, who died 1560, a treatife 

 " De Ratione Muficje et Inflrumentorum Ufu apud veteres 

 Hebraeos ;" and at Granada, 1555, "Libro de la De- 

 claration de Inftrumentos," by Joan Bermudo. 



All thefe writers on the fubjeft of mufic, and many more, 

 appeared in' Spain before Salinas; of whom an account is 

 given under his biographical article. 



Many more names of Spanifh theorifts and-praftical mu- 

 ficians might be enumerated here ; but as we have neither 

 feen nor heard any of their produdlioni, we are unable to 

 eftimate their worth. In 1613, however, a work was pub- 

 lifhed in Spanifh, by Cerone, in folio, which contains more 

 information concerni;jg every part of the art and fcience 

 then known, than any other elementary book which we 

 have feen in any language. The title of this treatife is the 

 following : " El Melopeo y Maeftro. Traiftado di Mufica 

 teorica y pratica," Napoli, 1613. Sec Cerone. 



Andres Lorente was autlior of a treatife, now become 

 very fcarce, entitled " El Porque del la Mufica," 410. 

 1672. For a farther account of this book, fee Lorente, 

 and Dr. Worgav. 



Pablo de Zaragoija NafTarre was author alfo of a treatife 

 on mufic, in Spanifh, entitled " Fragmentos Muficos," in 

 four parts, a dillintt treatife, 4to. Madrid, 1700. For a 

 further account of this work, fee Nassarre. 



About the middle of the laft century was publifhed at 

 Madrid, in Spanifh, " An Efiay on Church Mufic," by 

 Feyjoo. We have never feen the book in the original, but 

 an anonymous tranflation into Englifh appeared in 1778. 

 The author begins with a heavy complaint againft the cor- 

 ruption and degeneracy of mufic, ancient and modern ; join- 

 ing with Plutarch in afierting, that mufic was at firft only 

 uied in the temples of Greece ; but pafTing to the theatre, a 

 new and lighter ftyle was invented, which being adopted in 

 the temple, rendered it unfit for the ferious fervice of re- 

 ligion. It was not till the latter end of the 17th century, 

 that fecular mufic, by additional refinements in finging, and 



improvements 



