SPA 



as much accuracy of intonation in the chromatic notes, aa 

 could be done on a violin ; by which mean?, and his deli- 

 cacy, tafte, and exprelhon, he rendered an inllrument which, 

 from its force and coarfenefs, could formerly be only fup- 

 ported in the open air, in theatres, or fpacious buildings, 

 equally foft and pleafing with the fweetelt human voice.' In 

 1783 fome exquifite pieces for the horn of his compofition 

 were circulated in MS. from the German and Dutch mufie- 

 Ihops ; but we believe they were never printed. 



Span'DAU, in Geography, a town of Brandenburg, in the 

 Middle Mark, fituated on the Havel, at its union with the 

 Spree. This town, though not large, is both tlouriftiing 

 and populous, with a confiderable foundery of arms ; 1 1 

 miles N.E.of Potfdam. N. lat. 52° 33'. E. long. 13° 11'. 

 SPANDEN, a town of Pruffia, in Oberland ; 14 miles 

 E. of Holland. 



SPANDONCEA, in Botany, a genus fo called by pro- 

 feflbr Desfontaines, in honour of M. van Spaendonck, botani- 

 cal draughtfman at the Royal Garden of Paris. This genus 

 had previoufly been named in Italy Panciatica, and originally 

 by ForflidU Cadia ; which lad appellation, though of Ara- 

 bian origin, has been retained. See Cadi.4. 



SPANDRIL, in Architeduri, the open fpace between 

 the outward moulding of an arch, from its impoft to the 

 horizontal member or line which furmounts it. 



SPANGENBERG, in Geography, a town of the prin- 

 cipality of Helle CafTel ; 17 miles S.E. of Call'el. N. lat. 

 51° 8'. E. long. 9° 36'. 



SPANGLES for Paper-hangings. See V AP^R-hangings . 

 SPANHEIM, Frederic, in Biography, an eminent theo- 

 logical profeflbr, was born in 1600, at Amberg, in the Upper 

 Palatinate, where his father held an office in theeleftoral court. 

 He ftudied at Heidelberg and Geneva, and in 1621 engaged 

 himfelf as preceptor in the family of the governor of Am- 

 brun, in Dauphine, where he remained three years. From 

 thence he pafTed to Paris, and afterwards paid a vifit to 

 England, and returning to Geneva, he obtained a chair of 

 philofophy in the college in 1626. Soon after this he was 

 admitted a miniftar, and in 1631 he fucceeded M. B. Tur- 

 retin in the profedorfliip of theology at Geneva. The re- 

 putation which he acquired in the exercife of this office pro- 

 cured him various invitations, and having accepted one from 

 the univerfity of Leyden, he removed thither in 1642. In 

 this fituation he augmented his former reputation, as well by 

 his leftures and fermons, as by the works which he compofed. 

 He paiTed a very laborious life, and died in the 50th year of 

 his age. He was fuppofed to have (hortened his days by 

 the greatnefs of his labours, which are thus defcribed. 

 " He gave public leftures in theology four times a week, 

 and private lectures of different kinds to his pupils ; he 

 examined candidates, and preached in two languages, viz. 

 the German and the French : he was accuftomed frequently 

 to vifit the fick, wrote a vail number of letters, and would 

 compofe, at the fame time, two or three books on different 

 fubjedls : he aflilled every Wednefday at the prince of 

 Orange's council at the Hague, and was reftor of the uni- 

 verfity. Amidft all thefe various occupations, he found 

 leifure to keep the accounts of his houfe, which was always 

 well filled with boarders." Spanheim was a man of great 

 learning and capacity, and he is thus charafterized by Sau- 

 maife, who felt no love for him. " He had a ilrong head, 

 well filled with erudition : he was fitted for bufinefs, firm, 

 ardent, and induftrious. He was a rigid opponent of all 

 that he regarded as innovation in doftrine ; and readily en- 

 tered into controverfy, not only with the enemies, but with 

 the friends of the church, w^hen he fufpedled that they de- 

 viated from orthodoxy." He never, it is faid, fuffered phi- 



SPA 



lofophy to intrude into the myfteries of theology, but ex- 

 erted all efforts to keep the latter uncontaminated. His 

 works were very numerous, and on divers fubje&s : fomc 

 were political, as " Le Soldat Suedois," compofed at the 

 requelt of the Swedifh ambaffador ; " Mercure Suilfe ;" 

 " Commentaire hillorique de la Vie et de la Mort de Chrif- 

 tople, Vicomte de Dhona ;" " Memoires fur la PrincefTe 

 Louife Juliane, Eleftrice Palatine." Thefe were all pub- 

 lifhed without his name : of his theological works, the prin- 

 cipal is one on " Univerfal Grace ;" "Dubia Evangelica ;" 

 " Epiftola ad Buchananum de controverfiis Ecclefia: Angli- 

 cans ;" " De Autore Epiltolse ad Hebnos." 



Spanheim, Frederic, fecond fon of the preceding, was 

 born at Geneva in 1632, was likewife a profefTor of theo- 

 logy of high reputation. He lludied under his father at 

 Leyden, and began his career as a preacher in 1652, and by 

 his overbearing eloquence, excited the jealoufy of Alexan- 

 der More, then famous in the L^nited Provinces. Receiving 

 an invitation from the eleftor-palatine to occupy the chair of 

 theology at Heidelberg, he took the degree of D.D. at 

 Leyden in 1655, and then took poffeffion of his port. He 

 acquired the elteem and confidence of the eleftor ; and it is 

 tothe honour of both, that he did not forfeit them when he 

 was the only perfon who ttrongly and firmly oppofed that 

 prince's defign of divorcing his wife, and remarrying. He 

 received invitations from ieveral other univcrfities, and ac- 

 cepted that from Leyden in 1670, when he was made pro- 

 fellor of theology and facred hiltory, in performing the du- 

 ties of which he acquired a very high reputation. His life 

 was difquieted by fome controverfies in which he engaged, 

 and into which none fliould enter who have not ilrong nerves, 

 that will bear to be ailailcd by the weapons of an enemy. 

 For feveral years before his death he was allowed to omit his 

 duties as letlurer, in order that he might devote his whole 

 time to learned writings. Thefe were fo numerous, that 

 when coUefted, they filled three volumes in folio, which 

 were printed at Leyden in 1701-3 ; in the former of thefe 

 years the learned profeflor died. Among his works the 

 moft erteemed is a fummary of ecclefiaftical hiftory of the 

 1 6th century. 



Spanheim, Ezekiel, an eminent fcholar and ftatefman, 

 eldell fon of Frederic, was born at Geneva in 1 629. He 

 accompanied his father to Leyden in 1642, when he was 

 already far advanced in the knowledge of the learned lan- 

 guages, and he foon acquired the efleem both of Saumaife 

 and Helvetius, who at this period were refidents in that 

 univerfity. In 1651 he was nominated profefTor of the 

 belles lettres at Geneva, and in the following year was ad- 

 mitted into the great council. His high reputation caufed 

 him foon after to be invited by the emperor to fuperintend 

 the education of his only fon, and in this fituation he ap- 

 phed himfelf to gain a thorough knowledge of the public law 

 of Germany. Having obtained leave to travel into Italy, he 

 was charged by his mailer to watch over the political in- 

 trigues of the Catholic eleftors at Rome ; and at the fame 

 time he made himfelf acquainted with the fcience of medals 

 and clafTical antiquity. While out on this tour he was intro- 

 duced to the celebrated Christina (fee her article), then 

 refiding at Rome, who favoured him with a gracious recep- 

 tion, and alfo to the ftill more illuilrious lady Sophia, eleftrefs 

 of Hanover, who brought him back with her to Heidel- 

 berg in 1665. The eleftor-palatine, then engaged in va- 

 rious other projefts, permitted Spanheim to enter into the 

 fervice of the eleftor of Brandenburg, for whom he refided 

 nine years in the quahty of envoy-extraordinary. On his 

 return to Berlin he was made one of the minifters of tha 

 ftate, and at the peace of Ryfwick, he was deputed again 



to 



