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til than to raze thofe which we do not intend to keep, fo 

 nothing is more lawful. The enemy is thereby weakened, 

 and no innocent pcrfon is involved in the damages. 



Although to ravage or burn a counti7 is not in general 

 againft the laws of war, yet if an enemy of a much fuperior 

 ftrength treats a town or province in this manner, which he 

 might eafily keep for procuring to himfelf au equitable and 

 advantageous peace, he is generally accufed of making war 

 Lke a barbarian. Thus the voluntary deftruaion of public 

 monuments, of temples, tombs, Itatues, paintir.gs, &c. is 

 abfolutely condemned, even by the voluntary law of nations, 

 as always ufelefs to the lawful end of war. The pillage and 

 deftruftion of towns, the defolation of the country, ravages, 

 burnings, are not lefs odious and detefted on all occafions, 

 when evidently praftifed without neccflity, or without urgent 

 reafons. But as all thefe enormities may be excufcd under 

 pretence of punilhment, which the enemy deferves, Vattel 

 adds, that by the neutral and voluntary law of nations, only 

 enormous offences againil it are to be punifhed in this man- 

 ner : and when rigour is not of an ablolute necellity, it is 

 always beautiful to liften to the voice of humanity and cle- 

 mency. Cicero condemns the dcftruflion of Corinth for its 

 infults towards the Roman ambaifadors ; becaufe Rome was 

 able to alTert the dignity of its minillers, without carrying 

 its revenge to fuch extreme rigour. Vattel's Law of Na- 

 tions, b. iii. ch. 9. 



SPOKEN-Chain, in Rural Economy, fignifies provinci- 

 ally a chain of great ftrength, and fufficiently long for fixing 

 upon the fpoke of the wheel of a waggon, when the team 

 is fet fafl in a Hough, to draw it out by, &c. 



SPOKES, the bars of a wheel that pais from the nave 

 to the felly. 



SPOKE-SHAVE, in Block-making, a kind of plane to 

 fmooth and finifh the fhella, which is a piece of fteel, four 

 or more inches long, and one and a half broad ; (harp at 

 one edge as a knife, and a quarter of an inch thick at 

 the back : at each end are left about two inches of narrow 

 fteel, bent up as pegs, by which it is regulated and fecured 

 in a piece of wood ten inches long, and narrowed at each 

 end, for handles. 



SPOL.ETO, in Geography, capital of Umbria, or the 

 duchy of Spoleto, the fee of a bifhop, immediately under 

 the pope. It became a Roman colony A. U. C. 512 ; and 

 22 years afterwards, withilood the forces of Hannibal, 

 after the battle near the Thrafymene lake. It was the 

 refidence of fome of the Gothic kings, and under the 

 government of Longinus, exarch of Ravenna, was made 

 -the capital of Umbria, with the title of duchy. It was 

 very ill-treated by Frederic Barbaroffa, for tiding with 

 pope Alexander III. ; but the inhabitants of Perugia 

 ruined it entirely. It contains 22 churches, 21 convents, 

 and 17 hermitages. Here are feveral ruins of Roman anti- 

 quities, thechief of v/hichare a triumphal arch, an aqueduct, 

 and an amphitheatre. The cathedral is built almoft entirely 

 ■of marble, and contains fome good piftures ; 90 miles S. of 

 Florence. N. lat. 42° 45'. E. long. 12° 48'. 



Spoleto, Duchy of, a province of the Popedom, bounded 

 [On the north by the Perugiano and the duchy of Urbino, 

 •on the eail by the marquifatc of Ancona, on the fouth by 

 Abruzzo Ultra and the Sabina, and on the well by the 

 -Orvietan and Patrimonio, about 40 miles in length, and 

 nearly as much in breadth. It was anciently called Umbria, 

 and received the name of Spoleto in the time of the Lom- 

 bards, being erefted into a duchy under duke Faroald. 

 On the extinftion of the Longobardian monarchy, it fell 

 to the domiuion of the Franks, Hill retaining its former 



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conftitution, and afterwards was annexed to the papal ter- 

 ritories. In 1798 this duchy was over-run by the French. 



SPOLIARIUM, among the ancient Romans, the third 

 part of the bath, ufed for undreffing and dreffing in. 



Spoliarium was likevnfe a part of the gladiatorial fchools, 

 where their clothes and ornaments were laid, and where 

 the wounded and killed were carried. 



SPOLIATION, in Laiv, is an injur)' done by one clerk 

 or incumbent to another, in taking the fruits of his benefice 

 without any right to them, but under a pretended title. It 

 is remedied by a decree to account for the profits fo taken. 

 This injury, when the Jus patronalus, or right of advowfon, 

 does not come in debate, is cognizable in the fpiritual 

 court ; as if a patron firft prefents A. to a benefice, who is 

 inltituted and induAed to it ; and then, upon pretence 

 of a vacancy, the fame patron prefents B. to the fame living ; 

 and he alfo obtains inftitution and indutlion. Now, if A. 

 difputes the faft of the vacancy, then that clerk who is 

 kept out of the profits of the living, whoever he be, may i* 

 fue the other in the fpiritual court for fpoliation, in taking !f 

 the profits of his benefice. And it (hall there be tried, 

 whether the living were, or were not vacant ; upon which 

 the validity of the fecond clerk's pretenfions muft depend. 

 But if the right of patronage comes at all into difpute, as 

 if one patron prefented A., and another patron prefented B., 

 there the ecclefialtical court hath no cognizance, provided 

 the tithes fued for amount to a fourth part of the value of 

 the living, but may be prohibited at the inftance of the 

 patron, by the king's writ of Indicavit. So alfo if a clerk, 

 without any colour of title, ejecls another from his par- 

 fonage, this injury muft be redreffed in the temporal courts : 

 for it depends upon no queftion determinable by the fpi- 

 ritual law (as plurality of benefices or no plurality, vacancy 

 or no vacancy), but is merely a civil injury. Blacklt, 

 Comm. b. iii. 



SPOLTORA, in Geography, a town of Naples, in 

 Abruzzo Ultra ; 12 miles S.E. of Teramo. 



SPONDAULA, a-zoilo!.ii\n:, formed from o-roi-Ji;, llba^ 

 tion, and avXa;, Jlute, in ylnUquity, a player on the flute, or 

 other wind-inftrument of that kind; who, during the offer- 

 ing of facrifice, performed fome iuitable air in the priell's 

 ear, to prevent his hearing any thing that might di(lra£t 

 him, or lelTen his attention. 



SPONDE, Henry de, in Biography, a French prelate 

 and ccclefiaftical hillorian, was born in 1568. His father 

 was fecretary to Joan, queen of Navarre, and, being a Cal- 

 viniit, educated his fon in the fame perfuafion. He dif- 

 played, at a very early age, a great facility in learning 

 languages, one of which was the native tongue of Scotland, 

 which he acquired in a journey to that kingdom in the 

 fuite of the French ambaffador. Upon his return, he 

 ftudied the civil and canon law, and was made mailer of 

 reqiiefts to the king of Navarre. In 1595 he abjured Pro- 

 tellantifm, and in the following year declared his new opi- 

 nions in a work, "De Cosmeteriis Sacris." In the year 1600, 

 he accompanied cardinal de Sourdis to Rome, and fome years 

 after he was ordained prieft. He then began to labour on 

 his great work, x>/2. the " Abridgment of the Annals of 

 Cardinal Baronius," to which has been added a " Conti- 

 nuation," brought down to 1640. In 1626 he was nomi- 

 nated by Louis XIII. to the bifhopric of Pamiers, which 

 he accepted only through the command of pope Urban VIII. 

 He pubhlhed " Ordinances Synodales," which were in- 

 tended to affift in the converfion of his former affociates. 

 He alfo founded an eccleCaftical congregation, fome lemi- 

 naries and religious houfes, and dittinguilhed himfelf by all 



the 



