SPRING. 



fprings to houfes and other buildings, Sec. A fecond fort 

 i$ made of three pieces, fo as to conftitute a fqiirire drain fix 

 inches in width and height ; and a third kind is formed with 

 a circular opening fix inches in diameter, having long fquare 

 openings in the top part, and light parts two inches in 

 breadth, to reft upon, on the fides. It was invented by 

 Mr. Couchman, of Bofworth Temple, in the county of 

 Warwick. The two lall forts are well fuited for forming 

 large drains, but more efpecially the latter. In ItifF foils, 

 they are for the moft part belt when laid fingly, without 

 any common bricks or tiles being placed underneath them ; 

 but in light fandy lands, it is mollly better to lay common 

 bricks, or llrong tiles, under their fides, in order to prevent 

 their finking down into the foil too much. See Spring- 

 Drairiing. 



Another fort of bricks that may be employed in this way, 

 it IS fuppofed, with (till greater advantage than the above, 

 has been invented by ,Tohn Alhivorth of Turton, near Bol- 

 ton, in the comity of Lancalter. Thefe are contrived in 

 different forms and (hapes, fo as to be laid in different man- 

 ners, and form different forts of openings. When they are 

 placed in fuch a manner as to conftitute a fort of inclofed 

 triangular opening lor the difcharge of the water from the 

 land, eighty-four bricks are required to every eight yards ; 

 while with common bricks, one hundred and ninety are ne- 

 ceflary. There is confeqnently a faving, by this means, of 

 one hundred and fix bricks in every eight yards of draining 

 tliat is performed. By another form of thefe bricks, laid 

 fo as to flant againil each other, without any thing under 

 them, (ifty-five bricks are only necellary for draining eight 

 yards in length ; and, of courfe, one hundred and thirty- 

 fcven bricks are faved in that extent. In another form in 

 which thefe bricks are laid, which reprefents a fort of in- 

 clofcd diamond-formed opening, one hundred and ten bricks 

 of this kind are taken to complete the fame length of drain, 

 by which eiglity-two bricks are faved. This form is, how- 

 ever, only neceffary where the quantities of water to be 

 carried olT, or taken away, are very large. In a further 

 different form and manner of laying thefe bricks, the fame 

 number are made ufe of as in the firit cafe, and the faving of 

 common bricks is in the fame proportion. A farther ftill 

 different form and manner of laying thefe bricks, employs 

 them in the fame proportion as in the third cafe, and faves 

 common bricks in the fame extent. This is particularly 

 ufeful in the drainage of^ boggy, Iwampy, foft lands, and 

 where quick'^and? are prefent. There is yet another form 

 and manner of laying thefe bricks, which faves common 

 bricks in the fame manner as in the fecond of the above cafes. 

 And there ir, lalily, a ilill diflerciit form and manner of 

 laying thefe bricks, which takes them in the fame quantities 

 as in the third and fifth cafes above, and confequeiitly faves 

 common bricks in the fame proportion as they do. See 

 SPRINf;-73/'am/«^ Brich. 



It is not improbable but that bricks for this purpofe may 

 have been invented by other perfons, in different other dii- 

 triits, which may anlwer well for forming fpnng-drains in 

 different cafes. See Slki-ace- Z^ra/«, and Sunsoil, Brick- 

 Drain. 



Drains formed of tfiefc materials, though they are com- 

 monly very eflcftunl for the purpofe, are in general attended 

 with confiderable cxpence. 



Large ])ipef formed of burnt clay, and fome other forts 

 of materials, are not untrequently employed in the making 

 of drains of this nature, as well as in fome cafes for thofe of 

 the furface kind. 



Where ilones are made ufe of in conftrufting drains, for 

 the purpofe of carrying off the water of fprings, there are 



feveral different modes of laying them. They are fometime* 

 built up on the fides, to the neceffary heights and widths, 

 by the fmaller ftoncs, and then covered over the tops, and 

 connected by the large flat ones of the frceifone, limeftone, 

 or other fimilar kinds : at other times, the flat ffones, 

 whether of the treeifonc, limeftone, or other forts, are fet 

 up edgeways in the bottoms of the drains, in a kind of tri- 

 angular manner, or, which is better, in fomewhat the form 

 of the reverted letter A, the latter being laid over on the 

 tops with broad flat tlones. Thefe conftitute excellent 

 cheap drains. , 



There are alfo feveral other matters of this nature, as 

 thofe of the flaggy and (laty kinds, which may be ufed for 

 this purpofe, with equal advantage in different fituations. 

 See SuRF.ACE-Z)ra/n. 



It has been fuggefted, that in conftrucling main drains of 

 this fort for carrying off' and diicharging the water of 

 fprings, befides the particular confideration of the nature 

 of the foils through which they are to be cut and formed, 

 which is conftantly to regulate the whole of the future 

 operation;, procefles, and works about them, where they 

 are of a loofe gravelly quality, or of the nature of a quick 

 or running fand, the round or barrel form of drain, when 

 turned with either common bricks or ftones, the lower half 

 being laid in mortar, and the upper half dry, may probably 

 be the moft effeAual as well as the moft durable of any that 

 can be had recourfe to, in fuch cafes. In moft inftances, 

 alfo, of drains for carrying away wetneftes of this kind, the 

 outlets of them, where the water is difcharged, fhould be 

 well fecured in fome way or other, in order to prevent any 

 injury that might be fuftained by the force of the paffing 

 current of the water out of them. 



As the common openings of the foughs or paffages in 

 thefe drains are moftly about fix inches fquare, a piece of 

 wood of that fize, and about one yard in length, is often 

 found very ufeful for laying in the bottoms of the drains, 

 while forming, for building the ftones or other materials on 

 each of the fides of it, and which is capable of being drawn 

 or fhifted forward, as the workman proceeds in completing 

 the foughs or drains. 



The different tools ufed in forming and cutting drains are 

 defcribed under their proper heads. 



The making of drains of this nature, in fome diftrifts and 

 places is termed foughmg, efpecially when they are formed 

 with fome fort of hard materials, fuch as bricks, ftones, or 

 other fimilar fubftaiiccs, and is a method of fpring-draining 

 which is very commonly had recourfe to by the drainer. 

 See Sough and Svnwa-Drain'mg. 



SpRlKG-Drnining, the removing of that fort of wetnefs 

 in land, which is caufed by, or which arifcs from, fprings, 

 in its internal or other parts, in the manner already explained 

 under the article Draining of Land. 



Its praftice principally depends upon the difcovery of the 

 main fprings in the difl'erent ciles, upon the proper taking 

 of their levels, and upon making ufe of fuch means as are 

 capable of drawing off the water in particular inftances, 

 without the cxpence of too much cutting ; as, without 

 iindine out the main Ipriiig, or caule of the mifchief, no- 

 thing effeftual can, it is laid, be done ; or without taking 

 the exaft level of it, and afcertaining the fuhlerraneous 

 bearings which it may have ; as where the drains, in fuch 

 cafes, are cut even a very Imall diftance beyond the lii.es of 

 the fprings, the water which iilucs from them can never be 

 reached ; whereas by cxadly afccrtaining thofe lines, by 

 the praAice of levelling, the fprings can be cut off in an 

 effedtual manner, and the land be rendered dry in the leafl 

 expenfive and moll eligible method. The fuperabundjnt 

 4 H a wetnefs 



