SPRING. 



except at the joints, where, for the fake of ftrength, they 

 are a quarter of an inch more. There are alfo a chillel and 

 punch for fcrewing on, in going through liard gravel, or 

 metalhc fubltances, in order to expedite the pallageofthe 

 auger, which could not otherwife perforate fuch hard bodie,=. 

 The punch is often ufcd, when the auger is not applied, to 

 prick or open the fand or gravel, and give a more eafy iflue 

 or difcharge to the water. The chifiel is an inch and a half 

 or two inches broad at the point, and made very fharp for 

 cutting ftone, and the punch an inch fquare, like the other 

 part of the rods, with the point fharpcned alfo. There is 

 a fhitting handle ot wood, which is faftened with two iron 

 wedges afiixed to it, for the purpofe of turning round the 

 rods in bormg, and alfo two iron keys for fcrewing and un- 

 fcrewing the rods, and for aflifting the handle when the loil 

 is very Itiff, more than two men being required to turn 

 the tool. 



Tt is remarked by Mr. Elkington, that it has been con- 

 fidered a difficult part of the bufincfs of draining, to judge 

 properly when to make ufe of this boring tool. Some, it 

 is faid, who have not feen it employed in this fort of work, 

 have been led into a miltaken notion, both ai to the manner 

 of ufing it, and the purpofos for which it is applied. They 

 think, that if, by boring indifcriminately through the ground 

 to be drained, water be found near enough the furface to be 

 reached by the depth of the drain, the proper diredlion for 

 it is along thole holes where water has been found ; and 

 thus make it the firll implement that is uled. The contrary 

 is the cafe, the auger being never made ufe of until after 

 the drain is cut, and then for the purpofe of perforating 

 any retentive or impervious ftratum lying between the bot- 

 tom of the drain and the refervoir or flrata containing the 

 fpring. Thus it is capable of greatly leflening the trouble 

 and expence that would otherwife be requifite in cutting 

 the trench to that depth, to which, in many inftances, the 

 level of the outlet will not admit. See SemT^G-Draining. 



The manner of uCng the tool in working of it is fimply 

 thus : two or rather three men are neceflary. Two itand 

 above on each fide of the drain, who turn it round by means 

 of the wooden handle ; and when the auger part is full they 

 draw it up out of the hole, and the man in the bottom of the 

 trench clears out the earth with the inllrument for the pur- 

 pofe, aflilU in pulling the auger up out of the hole, and in 

 direftinj it into it again, and can alfo affilt in turning with 

 the iron handle or key, when the depth and length of the 

 rods require additional force to perform the operation. The 

 workman fhould be careful in boring, not to go deeper at 

 a time, without drawing, than the cxaft length of the (hell, 

 otherwife the earth, clay, or fand, through which it is 

 boring, after the (hell is full, may make it very difficult to 

 pull out. For this purpofe the exaft lengtli of the fhell 

 (hould be regularly marked out on the rods, from the bot- 

 tom upwards. Two or four flat boards, with a hole cut 

 into the fide of one of them, and laid alongfide of one an- 

 other over the drain, in the time of boring, are of very great 

 ufe for directing the rods in going down perpendicularly, 

 for keeping them (teady in boring, and for the men Handing 

 upon, when pcrforminir the operations. 



The hont,ontal draining auger is another tool of this kind, 

 which was invented in Leicellerlhire, and is probably not 

 yet become well known, or in general ufe. It is capabJe, 

 however, of havintr confulerable utility and application in 

 the praftice of fpring-draining, as well as in other ways. It 

 has the advantages, in many cafes, of jjrcatly lelTening the 

 expence of cutting, that would othcrwilc be neceflary, and 

 «f performinf;; the work in a much (horter fpace of time. 

 It may be of great benefit when employed ior forming a 



fuitable paffage 'for the water without opening a trench- 

 drain, where the water of a drain, brook, or rivulet has to 

 pafs under a bank, hedge, road, wall, or any other fimilar 

 place, and where pits are to be laid dry ; as well as in many 

 other cafes, as tor tapping fprings, or detefting water at 

 the bottom parts of hilly lands, in order to the draining 

 of the ground or the iupplying of the water for different 

 ufeful purpofes, as the water of the fprings, in thefe cafes, 

 when it may be hit upon, will flow with more facility and 

 readinefs, as well as in greater abundance, through fuch hori- 

 zontal or level openings, than through perpendicular outlets. 

 It may likewife be uieful for laying or putting down leaden 

 pipes tor the pafiage or conveyance of water, in making the 

 holes into which the pipes may be introduced, and laid with- 

 out the neceflity of forming open cuts for the purpofe, which 

 are often very laborious and troublefome in performing. 



The manner of ufmg the tool in working is this : where, 

 for inftance, water is to be difcharged from any fituation in 

 which it is contained, that has high banks furrounding it, if 

 the land declines lower on one fide, after finding the level 

 of the bottom of the water On that fide, it is to be traced 

 to the face of the bank, where the perforation is to be made 

 through it by the auger. In doing which, the furface of the 

 ground is there firil to be made Imooth, fo as to place the 

 frame of the tool nearly level, with the auger part of it 

 pointing a little upwards. It is then to be wrought, which 

 is done by two men turning the handles at the top part. 

 When the auger or fhell part is full, the rods are drawn 

 back by reveriing the lower handle, and other rods may be 

 added at the joints wher. the diltance requires it. In boring 

 or working through a bank compofed of the liardeft clay, or 

 other fuch materials, two men will, for the molt part, get 

 through from thirty to forty feet in the courfe of a day, 

 if they be not obflrudled by hard Hones, or other Inch mat- 

 ters, which will require a chiffel to be fixed on in the tool in 

 the place of the fhell, and longer time in working through. 

 Where the length or diitance to be bored or wrought 

 through is confiderable, and longer than the whole length 

 of the different rods when fcrewed together, a pit or opening 

 is neceffary to be dug or funk down, at a fuitable diitance, 

 upon the line to the proper depth of the hole, for placing 

 the frame and tool in when removed from its former place, 

 and the work be then carried on in the fame manner as be- 

 fore in the former part of the operation. 



SPRitiC-Draining Level, that lort of level which is em- 

 ployed in forming and cutting drains where fprings are con- 

 cerned. It is the fpirit-lcvel which is, for the moll part, 

 made ufe of in cafes of this fort, and which ferves to afcer- 

 tain, after a principal fpring has been difcovered, a line on 

 the fame le\'el, to only one, or the different fulei of it, in 

 order that the direction of the drain may be better and more 

 certain. The ufe of it is molUy tlie hr!t and moll important 

 work in fetting out drains in this fort of drainage. It is 

 employed in determining the h-vel from one particular fight, 

 or from different Rations, for a confiderable length or 

 dillance. It is alfo necellary to decide the quantity of fall 

 that can be gained from a drain to the nearell outfall or 

 outlet for the difcharge of the water, as the more fhort that 

 is the better, wlien lulHcient fall can be had. It has like- 

 wile feveral other applications in the pradtice of fpring- 

 draining, as may be leen in fpeakiug of implements or con- 

 trivances of this nature. See Level. 



Scarcely any thing can be done, in this or any other 

 mode of draining, nor even in irrigating or watering land, 

 without the ufe of a proper level of fome kind or other. 



SpiiltiC-Drtiining Pump, that fort of contrivance of the 

 pump kind, which is made ufe of for the purpofe of dctcft- 



ing 



