S T A 



nature, adopted that inaftive mode of airing by exp^tlahon, 

 la medecine expeaante, a-! the French have called it ; they 

 zealoufly oppofed the ufe of fome of the molt efficacious 

 remedies, fuch as opium, cinchona, and mercury ; and 

 were extremely referved, even in the ufe of general eva- 

 cuaiits, fuch as bleeding, vomiting, &c. although their 

 fyltem led them to refer almnlt all the dillurbance^ of the 

 motions of the fyftem to a plethora, or too great abundance 

 of the blood. This hypothefis was maintained by Stahl in 

 feveral publications, with much ability and ingenuity ; and 

 it continued to influence a great number of intelligent phy- 

 ficians for a long time. His principal medical work, in 

 which his fyftem is difplayed in its moft matured form, is 

 entitled " Theoria Medica vera, Phyfiologiam et Patholo- 

 giani fiftens," printed at Halle in 1708. 



The merits of Stahl as a chemical philofopher are of a 

 much higher charafter ; and the fchool which he founded 

 in this fcience, after extending its influence long and univer- 

 fally among thofe who purlued the fame inquiries, has only 

 been fuperfeded of late by farther difcoveries. He was the 

 inventor of tlie celebrated theory of phlogtflon, which ap- 

 peared to explain the phenomena of combultion and iiiflam- 

 mabihty, and was received every where with high applaule, 

 and which, in fatt, occafioned Germany to become the great 

 fchool of chemifl;ry. It cannot be denied, indeed, although 

 later experiments have fubverted the groundwork, that this 

 hypothefis tended greatly to fimplify the ideas, and perfeft 

 the operations of chemifts, and entitled its author to a high 

 rank amongH the improvers of fcience. His principal che- 

 mical work was entitled, " Fundamenta Chymiae dogmatics 

 et experimentahs," firll printed in 1729, and feveral times 

 reprinted : but before that period he had publifhed feveral 

 other works on this fubjeft, fuch as " Diflertationes de Me- 

 tallurgix et Docimallise Fundamentis," 1697 ; and, in the 

 fame year, " Experimenta et Obfervationes 300 Chymicx 

 et Phyfica:," in which work he principally advanced his doc- 

 trine of phlogifton. He alfo publifhed ia the German lan- 

 guage fome eflTays " On Sulphur," and " On Salts." 



Stahl was elefted a member of the Academy Nature Cu- 

 rioforum in 1700. He was called to vifit Frederic William, 

 king of Pruffia, at Berlin, m 1716; and afterwards returned 

 feveral times to that capital, where his reputation was very 

 high, and where at length he was attacked with a fatal dif- 

 eafe, in 1734, in the feventy-fourth year of his age. See 

 Eloy Did. Hilt, de la Medecine. Gen. Biog. Cullen's 

 Firfl; Lines. Pref. And Hoffmann's ellay, " De Difter- 

 entia Doftrins Stahliance et Hoffmanniana:." 



STAIDENFELD, in Geography, a town of the duchy 

 of Wurzburg ; 4 miles S. of Schweinfurt. 



STAIN, a town of the county of Tyrol ; 2 miles S.W. 

 of Meran. — Alfo, a town of Aullria, on the Danube, con- 

 filling almoft wholly of one ftreet, and containing two 

 churches. It is near Crem;!, and governed by the fame ma- 

 giftrates. It is joined by a long bridge with Mautern, on 

 the other fide of the Danube ; 32 miles W.N.W. of Vienna. 

 — Alfo, a town of Auftria ; 2 miles N. of Steyr. 

 Stain. See Stein. 



STAINABRUNN, atown of Auftria; 6milesW.S.W. 

 of Ehnifprunn. 



STAIN BA.CH, a town of Auftria, on the Teichel ; 

 6 miles S. of Steyr. 



STAINER, Jacob, in B'lography, a German maker of 

 ▼ioHns of the moft fprightly and brilliant tone. His figna- 

 ture, pafted on the iniide of the back, is the following ; 

 " Jacobus Stainer, in Abiam prope CEiiopontum, 1647." 

 CEnopons is the Latm name of Infpruck in Germany, the 

 chief city of Tyrol. Thefe violins, fince folos have been 



S T A 



laid afide, have lofl fomewhat of their former favour, and the 

 Amati and Straduani violins of Cremona, which are of a 

 more full and rich tone, are preferred for leading a band, 

 playing modern fymphonies, and folo concertos a grande 

 crchejlra. 



STAINES, or Staxes, in Geography, a market-town 

 in the hundred of Spelthorne, and county of Middlefex, 

 England, is feated on the northern banks of the river Thames, 

 over which there is a ftrong timber bridge at this place, con- 

 necting the counties of Surrey and Middlefex. It is fixteen 

 miles from Hyde-Park corner, and moft of its houfes extend 

 along the fides of the great weftern road ; but the pari(h 

 church, with a few buildings, are fituatcd nearly half a mile 

 N.W. of the chief mafs of building. The parifli confifts of 

 748 acres 16 perches of cultivated land, with 666 acres 

 I rood and 20 perches of arable land. On a ilratum of loam 

 is a foil of fine black mould, and gravel is found in fome 

 places. According to the population report of 181 1, this 

 parilh contained 355 houfes, and 2042 inhabitants. 



In old records Staines was written Slana, a Saxon word 

 for a flone ; and Camden fuppofes that the name was derived 

 from a ftone, vrhich was fixed in, or on the bank of the river 

 here, to denote the extent of the jurifdiftion of the city of 

 London over the Thames, weltward. A ilone, bearing the 

 date of 1280, on the margin of the water near the church, 

 is Hill preferved here. An annual fair of four days was 

 granted in the year 1228 to the abbot and convent of Well- 

 minller, and is flill continued : a weekly market is held on 

 Fridays. The civil government of the town is veiled in two 

 conftables and four headboroughs. Stames bridge appears 

 to have been one of '.he moft ancient in the country ; fo far 

 back as the year 1 262, three oaka out of Windfor forell 

 were granted for its repairs by Henry III. ; and numerous 

 grants of pontage, or temporary tolls for the fame purpofe, 

 were made from time to time, in many of the fubfequent 

 reigns, as appears by the records in the Tower. Thefe tolls 

 were confirmed and enforced by afts of parliament in 1509 

 and 1597. In 1 791 an aft was palled for building a new 

 bridge, and allowing certain tolls to defray the expence of 

 the building. Under this aft a ftone bridge, of three arches, 

 was begun in Auguil 1792, and opened in March 1797: 

 but in confequence of one of the piers giving way, the 

 bridge was necedarily taken down. One of caft-iron was 

 next fubftituted, but this alfo failed, and the builders were 

 obliged to fupport it by wooden piles and frame-work. The 

 bridge in its prefent flate was completed in 1807. The 

 parifh church confifts of a chancel, nave, and north aifle, fe- 

 parated by circular columns and pointed arches. The door 

 of the chancel is of early Norman architefture. A fquare 

 embattled tower at the weft end was built by Inigo Jones in 

 1 63 1, as appears by an infcription on the fouth fide. In an 

 apartment under the gallery ftaircafe are two unburied cof- 

 fins, covered with crimfon velvet, and richly embelfifhed, 

 containing the bodies of Jeffie Afpafia, wife of F. W. 

 Campbell, efq. and of her brother, H. Caulfield, efq. ; the 

 former died in 1812, the latter 1808. Tlie Quakers, Ana- 

 baptifls, and Methodifts, have each a meeting-houfe in this 

 town. A fchool on the Lancaftrian principle of education 

 has been recently eftablifhed, and is fupported by voluntary- 

 contribution ; a convenient building has been erefted for this 

 purpofe Lyfons's Middlefex Parifhes, 4to. 1800. Beau- 

 ties of England and Wales, vol. x. Middlefex. By J. N. 

 Brewer. 



STAINHOF, a town of Auftria; 3 miles S.W. of 

 Vienna. 



STAINING of Bone, Horn, Hair, and Ivory. See each 

 article, and alfo Dyeing of Bone, &c.. 



Staining 



I 



