S T A 



in flails, or the tying or binding them up in them for any 

 other purpofe. 



STALLION, in the Manege, in French elalon, a ftone- 

 horfe kept to breed. See Horse, and Breeding of Hokses. 

 In the reign of Henry VIL a large number of mares, as 

 well as geldmgs, were turned after harvell into the common 

 paitures, and no ftoned horfeg were allowed to mix with 

 them ; and it is at this day contrary to law to turn a ftoned 

 horfe into a common pallure. Thofe horfes which were 

 kept to cover mares were always confined in fafe and in- 

 clofed grounds, but more frequently in the ftable, and were 

 called " eqiii ad itabulum," by conlraAion, J}al!um. Hence 

 were derived the Italian term " italloni," the French 

 " etalon," the Englilh " ftallion," or " Italled" horfe ; 

 which cxpreflion prevails, and is in ufe at prefent with re- 

 gard to the ox, which fometimes being kept from the paf- 

 ture in order to be fattened, is called " the ilall-fcd" and 

 ♦' ftalled" ox. In the reign of the fucceeding prince, par- 

 ticular regard was paid to the raifing of a breed of good 

 and llrong horfes, and laws were made for the more certain 

 attainment of this end. The only method of fecuring 

 ftrength and fize in the progeny, is to feleft the fires and 

 dams of a certain proportion, fize, and mould, and to permit 

 no mare or ftallion to breed, but under thefe reftriftions. 

 In order further to fecure a breed of large horfes, a fingular 

 kind of law was palled, which obliged every archbifhop and 

 duke, under penalties, to keep feven trotting ftoned horfes 

 for the faddlc, each of which was to be fourteen hands high 

 at the age of three years. Afterwards minute direiftions 

 were iilued, with regard to the number of horfes of the fame 

 kind, which were to be kept by other ranks and degrees, 

 each in proportion to their circumftances and ftation. 



The reafons for enjoining ftone-horfes to be kept muft 

 have been for the fake of breeding, and for the fuperior 

 labour they were thought to be able to undergo ; and as 

 they were more expenfive to maintain than mares or geld- 

 ings, it being necellary to feparate and keep them apart, the 

 rich and noble only were required to keep them in numbers 

 proportioned to their rank and ability ; while the lower 

 people ufed geldings, for the advantage of turning them to 

 grafs. Brood-mares, two at leaft, were ordered to be kept 

 by thofe who had parks, inclofures, and other conveniencies. 

 Berenger's Horfemanlhip, vol. i. 



STALLUPONEN, or Stai.lupehoken, in Geography, 

 a town of Pruffian Lithuania, the principal trade of which 

 confilts in cattle ; 33 miles S.E. of Tilfit. N. lat. 54° 33'. 

 E. long. 22° 58'. 



STALOWITZ, a town of Lithuania ; 10 miles from 

 Pinlk. 



STALTWASSER, a river of Wurtemburg, which 

 runs into the Lein, 2 miles S. of Welzen. 



STAMBACH, a town of Germany, in the principality 

 of Culmbach ; 12 miles E. of Culmbach. 



STAMEN, in Botany and Vegetable Phyftolegy, the an- 

 cient Latin name for the part in qucftion, now become 

 Englifli in the place of its old appellation, chive. The fta- 

 mens are organs of impregnation, effential to every flower, 

 either in the fame individual with the piftils, or in a cor- 

 refponding one of the fame fpecies. (See Pistillum, and 

 Fecundation of Plants. ) They are feated externally with 

 refpedl to the piftil, internally with rcfpeft to the calyx and 

 corolla. They are inferted either into the calyx, the co- 

 rolla, or the receptacle, rarely either upon the germen, or 

 the ftylc. Their number differs in different genera or fpe- 

 cies of flowers, from one to an hundred or more. 



Each Stamen commonly confifts of two parts, the FlLA- 

 VoL. XXXIIL 



S T A 



MEKT and Anther ; fee thofe articles. The latter only 

 is eflential, being of a capfular texture, containing the Pol- 

 len, wliofe nature and office will be found explained in it» 

 proper place. The Anther, when arrived at maturity, either 

 burfts by the contraftion of its membranous coat, or opens 

 by appropriate cells for the difcharge of the pollen, of which 

 laft circumftance the genus Erica affords beautiful examples. 

 In Laurus and Leontice, even in fome fpecies of Solanum, 

 each cell of the anther has a proper lid. Thefe cells are 

 ufually two ; but in Tetratheca and Vatica they are four. 

 Sometimes the anther is ornamented with a crefl, or with a 

 pair of briftles, of both which various Erica: exhibit fpeci- 

 mens. In Pinus the crefts of the anthers prove ufeful far 

 fpecific difcrimination. 



The Stamens, according to their number, Ctuation, and 

 proportion, furnifh the leading principles of diftinSion in 

 the artificial, or fexual, fyftem of Linnaeus ; fee Classifica- 

 TiON. — Thefe organs are liable to be changed into petals, in 

 what are termed double flowers ; and if that change be com- 

 plete, they can no longer ferve the purpofe of impregnation. 



STAxMFORD, in Geography. See Stanford. 



Stamford, a townftiip of Upper Canada, in the county 

 of Lincoln, lying on the W. fide of Niagara river, and S. 

 of Newark. A port of entry and clearance is eftabliftied 

 in this townfhip, on the N. bank of Chippawa river, near 

 the bridge. — Alfo, a townfhip of Vermont, in Bennington 

 county ; containing 378 inhabitants. — Alfo, a poft-town 

 of Connefticut, in Fairfield county, on a fmall ftream 

 called Mill-river, which difcharges itfelf into Long Ifland 

 found; containing a congregational and epifcopal church, 

 and 4440 inhabitants ; 10 miles S.W. of Norwalk, and 44 

 N.E. of New York. This townfhip was formerly called 

 " Rippowanns," and was fettled in 1641. — Alfo, a poft- 

 town of New York, in Delaware county, taken from Wood- 

 ftock, and incorporated in 1792, containing 284 families, and 

 1658 inhabitants ; 60 miles S.W. from Albany. — Alfo, a 

 poft-town in Lincoln county, Kentucky ; 628 miles from 

 Walhington. 



Stamford IJlands, a clutter of fmall iflands near the coaft 

 of North Carolina. N. lat. 34° 37'. W. long. 77° 10'. 



STAMINA. See Stamen. 



Sta.mina, in the Animal Body, are thofe fimplc, original 

 part!, which exifted firft in the embryo, or even in the feed ; 

 and by whofe diftinftion, augmentation, and accretion by 

 additional juices, the human body, at its utmoft bulk, is 

 fuppofed to be formed. 



All that is effential to the animal, are the ftamina, which 

 exifl in ovo ; the reft being foreign, additional, and even 

 accidental. 



The ftamina feem to coincide with the folids, which are 

 furprifingly fmall in quantity. 



STAMITZ, John, in Biography, the illuftrious father 

 of a renowned mufical family, concert-mafter and direftor of 

 the chamber mufic, or court concerts of the eleftor palatine 

 at Manheim, in 1756, was born at Teutechebrodt, in Bo- 

 hemia, where his father was cantor in the principal church. 

 It was during his time, and by his example, that German 

 fymphonics, in a ftylc different from the overtures of Lulli, 

 Handel, and the Italian opera compofers, began to be cul- 

 tivated and in favour all over Europe. It was under 

 him that the late earl of Kelly placed himfelf as a fcholar 

 on the violin, and a ftudent in compofition ; ,and it was alfo 

 under him that the Manheim band, by its ^pcrimcnts and 

 new effefts, became, during tliirty years, the moll celebrated 

 in the mufical world. 

 Tho genius of Stamitz was truly original, bold, and 

 4 X Dervousf 



