STANDARD. 



The following are the charafters generally ufed in thofe 

 reports. 



j is I dwt. or oz. 



y - 



e - 



^ - 



^£2W/ — »S ditto. 

 &JS;, — 19 ditto. 



Olf^_ (obolus) -1 ditto. 



Rules for flanJarding Bullion and Coins. — The common 

 method of finding the value of fmall quantities of gold and 

 iilver is by allowing, from the alfay-malter's report, at the 

 rate of 4^. per carat, B. or W., in every ounce weight of 

 gold ; and at the rate of bd. per ounce, B. or W., in every 

 ounce weight of filver. But when filver is more than 10 dwt. 

 worfe, an allowance of id. per ounce mull be made for 

 refining. 



The foUovTing are the fcales of allowance. 



Scale for Gold. Scale for Silver. 



I car. (4^. 1 oz. [6d. 



I gr. (I J. 



15 dwt. (4i</. 

 10 dwt. (3(/. 

 5 dwt. {i\d. 

 2idwt. [Id. 



Thus, to find the value of 2 oz. of gold B. I car. i gr. 

 at ^.per oz. To 8/. (for 2 oz.) add ioj. for better, which 

 gives the value 8/. ioj'. And to find the value of 12 oz. of 

 filver, W. 10 dwt. at ;j. 6d. per oz. From 3/. 6s. (for 

 12 oz.) fubtraft 3^. for worfc, which gives the value 3/. 3^. 



Rules for Jlandarding Gold. — As 22 carats are to the 

 affay or report of finenefs, fo is the grofs weight to the 

 quantity that is to be added or fubtradled from this grofs 

 weight, according as the report is better or worfe. If bet- 

 ter, tlie additional quantity is called (by the trade) betternefs, 

 and if worfe, the fubtraftional quantity is called ivorfenefs. 



Example. — How much llaiidard gold is there in an ingot 

 of the following report, B. 1 car. 3^ gr. weight, 67 oz. 

 15 dwt. 8 gr.? 



Rf- 



oz. (Iwt.gr. 



352 30 32528X30 — 352 = 2772= 5 15 12 

 oz, dwt. gr. 



To 67 1 J 8 grofs weight 

 Add 5 15 12 betternefs. 



73 10 20 ftandard. 



Vol. XXXIII. 



The following method for ftandarding gold may be gene- 

 rally ufed with advantage, 



oz. dwt. gr. 



67 15 8 grofs weight, B. or W. i car. ji gr. 

 I 33 17 16 



2 gr 



I 

 1 



2 



=5 16 18 20 



= 4 8 



9 10 



2)127 I 6") 



•^— — > divi 



11)63 1° 153 



idedby 22. 



5 15 12 betternefs or worfenefs, as above. 



Rules for flandarding Silver As II oz. 2 dwt. are to the 



affay, fo is the grofs weight to the quantity that is to be 

 added or fubtraiEted. 



Example. — In 287 oz. of filver, W. I2idwt., how much 

 ftandard ? 



As II 

 20 



222 



287 

 20 



2840 



dwt. gr. oz. dwt. gr. 



222)71750(323 4 = 16 3 4 



oz. dwt. gr. 

 From 287 o o grofs weight 

 SubtraA 16 3 4 worfenefs. 



270 16 20 ftandard. 



From the laft example, the reafon of the following rulf 

 for ftandarding filver is obvious, viz. 



Multiply half the weight in ounces by the aftay in penny- 

 weights, and divide the produft by iii, the quotient will 

 be the betternefs or worfenefs in ounces. 



Example How much ftandard filver in 160 ounces of 



B. iSidwt.? 



Half weight 80 



111)1480(13 oz. 6 dwt. i6gr. 

 Ill 



— ^— oz. dwt. gr. 



370 To 160 o o grofs 



333 Add 13616 betternefs. 



37 

 20 &c. 



173 6 16 ftandard. 



It fliould be obfervcd, that there are fables conftrufted, 

 and fometimes ufed, for ftand.irding gold and filver, as may 

 be fcen in Foltlcthw.«.yt's Dictionary of Commerce, vol. i. 

 p. 388 — 398. But from the fimplicity and concifenefs of 

 the foregoing examples, it is maiiifcll that fucli tables can- 

 not much ftiorten the operation, though they may ferve to 

 check or prove the calculation. Univerfal Cambilt, vol. ii. 



P- '93- 



Standakd, in Botany and Vegetable Phi/ielogy, Vexillum, 



it the folitary fuperior petal of papilionaceous flowers, ge- 

 nerally of a larger fize, and more confpicuous colour, than 

 the other petals. See Papilionaceous. 



Standard, in War, a fort of banner or flags borne as a 

 4 Z fignal 



