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fiejnal for joining together of the fevefal troops belonging 

 to the fame body. See Flag, Sec 



The ftandards were originally large flags, fixed on the 

 tops of towers or other elevated places ; and from their 

 being Itationary, were called ftandards : though this term 

 was afterwards given to moveable eiifigus, as at prefent to 

 thofe borne by the cavalry. 



Du-Cange derives the word horn J}anJarum or Jlantarum, 

 Jlandardum or Jlandak, words ufed, in the corrupt Latin, to 

 fignify the principal flag of an army. Menage derives it 

 from the G -rman, Jlander, or the Englilh, Jiand. 



The ftandird is ufiially a piece of filk, a foot and a half 

 fquare, on which are embroidered the arms, device, or cy- 

 pher of the prince, or of the colonel. It is fixed on a lancet 

 eight or nine feet long, and is carried in the centre of t he 

 firll rank of a fquadron of horfe by the cornet. 



The (landard is ufed for any martial enfign of horfe ; 

 but more particularly for that of the general ; or the royal 

 ftandard. Thofe borne by the foot are rather called 

 colours. 



The ancient kiags of France bore St. Martin's hood for 

 their ftandard. The Turks preferve a green ftandard, 

 borne by Mahomet, with a great deal of devotion, as be- 

 lieving it to have been brought down by the angel Gabriel. 

 Every time it is dilplayed, all who profefs the Mahometan 

 faith are obliged to take arms ; thofe who refufe are to be 

 deemed as infidels. 



SxANDARD-Gaari/. See Guard. 



Standards, for the Roman, fee Signa. 



Standard, Royal, in Sea Language, is a flag in which 

 the imperial enfigns of Great Britain, and the arms of France 

 and Ireland, together with the armorial bearings of Hanover, 

 are united and quartered. This is never hoifted unlefs when 

 the fovereign is aboard, and then it is difplayed at the main- 

 top-maft-head. 



Standards, in Ship-Building, large knees of oak or 

 iron, fayed on the deck and againft the fide. The arm upon 

 the deck (lands upon a fole, and is bolted through the 

 beams, and clenched underneath ; and the other arm through 

 the fhip's fide. There is alfo a ftandard fayed on the gun. 

 deck, againft the apron forward, and another againft the 

 tranfoms abaft ; alfo one againft each riding-bitt, and one in 

 head upon the knee, when the piece againft the ftem does 

 not run high enough for the hole of the main-ftay collar. 

 Standards are alfo large poles, fet up endways, about ten 

 feet afunder, round the edges of flips, to which the fpars 

 are hung to fupport the ftaging. They have cleats nailed 

 up their foremoft and after fides, at about two feet 

 diftance. 



Standard Trees, in Planting, are all fuch as ftand fingly, 

 with an upright ftem, without being trained to any wall or 

 other fupport. In Gardening, they are moltly diftinguifhed 

 into three forts ; TiSfidl Jlandards, halfjiandards, and d-warf 

 4andards, from their being occafionally trained in all thefe 

 ways ; but foreft and tall ornamental trees rarely in any 

 ether than full ftandards ; though in the ftirub tribe they are 

 occafionally formed into both half and dwarf ftandards, ac- 

 cording to their natural growths. 



Full ftandards are fuch trees as are trained with tall, 

 ftraight, clean ftems, fix or feven feet high, or more, then fuf- 

 fered to branch out at that height all around, to form a head, 

 as in common ftandard apple and pear-trees, fome forelt- 

 trees, &c. Thefe ftiould be trained accordingly in their mi- 

 nor growth, by trimming off' all the lower lateral branches 

 gradually, as the ftem advances in height ; fuffering the 

 leader always to remain entire, efpecially in all f«relt-trees ; 



S T A 



or, if it (hould happen to fork, taking off" the worft, and 

 leaving the llraightell (hoot to run up, to continue the pro- 

 longation of the item to the height above-mentioned. In 

 fruit-trees, the ftem is often cut or topped at the height of fix 

 or feven feet, to force out a let of laterals in that part, fo as 

 to form a regular fpreading head of a moderate height, for the 

 greater convenience of gathering the fruit ; but for all- kinds 

 of foreft-tree ftandards, the tops (hould never be reduced, 

 but the leaders be permitted to remain entire to run up i« 

 height ; as the beauty and worth of fuch trees confift in 

 their lofty growth. 



Moft forts of fruit-trees may be trained for full ftandards, 

 except vines ; though fome of them will not ripen their 

 fruit effeftually in this way, as peaches, neftarines, and 

 figs : but, on the other hand, all forts of apples, pears, 

 plums, and cherries, ripen their fruit freely on ftandards of 

 this kind. 



And all forts of fruit-trees for this purpofe are moftiy 

 raifed by grafting, &c. on the freeft ftrong-lhootiug ftocks, 

 and trained with ftraight clean ftems full five or fix feet 

 high, as above, either the ftock trained up to that height, 

 and then grafted or budded, the graft or bud branching out 

 forming the head ; or the ftock grafted near the ground, 

 and the firft (hoot from the graft or bud trained up for a ftem 

 to the proper height, then fuffered to fend forth branches : 

 in either method, it is next to be confidered whether it be 

 intended the tree (hall form a fpreading open head, or aflume 

 a more erect and afpiring growth : in the former cafe, if the 

 leading (hoot of the graft or bud be topped at fix or fevea 

 feet from the ground, it will force out lateral (hoots at that 

 height, and commence a fpreading head, open in the middle, 

 fulFering, however, the whole afterwards to take their owa 

 growth ; and in the latter, by permitting the leading flioot 

 to remain entire, it will afpire in height, and the whole head 

 will alfume a more upright and lofty growth : in both me- 

 thods the heads will afterwards naturally branch out abun- 

 dantly, and furnilh themfelves fufficiently with bearing wood, 

 producing fruit, in fome forts, in two or three years from 

 the grafting and budding, as in cherries, apples, &c. but 

 pears are fometimes four, five, or fis years before they bear. 

 See Grafting. 



It is expedient to train moft of the principal hardy fruit, 

 trees as full ftandards, that, when planted in continued 

 rows, either in gardens or orchards, by having tall ftems, 

 they may admit the influence of the fun and air more freely 

 to the heads, and permit the obtaining crops of efculent 

 plants, grafs, &c. from the ground under them, over which 

 their fpreading branches extend. 



In refpeft to the management of full ftandard fruit-trees, 

 little is required, after the firft training, to form the ftem to 

 the proper height, and the firft (hoots are advanced at top, to 

 give the head its firft formation ; being allowed to advance 

 nearly in their natural order, except reducing any very irre. 

 gular growths, permitting the whole to (hoot in length, 

 and branch laterally in their own way ; by which they na- 

 turally form frnit-fpurs along their fides upwards for bearing. 

 The irregular branches muft, however, be removed, and 

 the heads kept properly thinned, as well as the fuckers 

 rubbed off from the items or other parts, and the dead 

 wood be wholly taken away. See Pruning. 



Standard fruit-trees with high Items are fometimes 

 planted againft walls, and trained as wall-trees : this is prac- 

 tifed for high walls, fo as immediately to cover the upper 

 parts of them, whilft dwarfs and half ftandards cover the 

 bottom and middle parts, and thus every part »f the wall is 

 fully occupied at once : but in thefe cafes the dwarfrtree* 



are 



