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are to remain, the others being wholly deftroyed after a time. 

 See Wall 7V(r«. 



Theft lorts of high ftandards are likewife occafionally 

 placed agaiiilt the ends of buildings ; fome choice lorts of 

 pears in particular : alio apricots in a foutherly afpe£^, and 

 other fruit-trees of the fame kind. 



Half Jlandards are trained with ftems only three or four 

 feet high, and then luffered to branch out to form heads. It 

 is a method of training praftifed for many forts of fruit- 

 trees, both as detached ttandards for variety, and the con- 

 venience of gathering the fruit, and with fanned fpreading 

 heads, as 'vall-treeb for high walls, in order to cover certain 

 parts of them. 



The method of raifmg thefe is nearly the fame as for full 

 {landdrds, only they are grafted or budded upon lower 

 ftocks, training them with upright fiigle ftems only three 

 or four feet high, by the (locks on which they are grafted 

 being trained up to that height for a ftem ; or by being 

 grafted or budded low in the ftock, and the firll main Ihoot 

 of the graft, &c. ted up for a Item, ai d toppf-d at that 

 height to force out bra-iches to form the head ; fullering the 

 heads, in thiife dcfigned a-^ detached llandard<, to branch out 

 all around, and run up to a fuUfpread, nearly according to 

 their natural mode of growth, except jut! ivforinm:^ any ill- 

 growing branch, as {liorteiiing the biancncs (hould be 

 fparingly praftiftd, as it would force out numtroiis ufelefs 

 fhoots, and prevent the formation of bearing wood, efpe- 

 cially in the apple, pear, plum, and cherry kinds 



But when h.ilf ftandard; are intended for walls, they 

 fhould have the head trained in a fomewhat fanned manner, 

 to fpread to the wall like a common wall-tree. And when 

 it is necelTary to have thcni to form heads of as moderate 

 growth as poffible, efpccially in the detached half ftandavds 

 for fmall compartments, tliey fhould be grafted or budded 

 upon the more dwarfilh fort of flocks, as apples upon cod- 

 Lns, and pears upon quinces, &c.; in which cafe the heads 

 will always fhoot moderately, and never ramble wide or grow 

 high. See Stocks. 



But thouijh a few of this fort of trees may be eligible as 

 detached half llandards for variety, they are not proper for 

 the open quarters of the garden ; as the branches coming 

 out low may impede the growth of tnider-crops. A few 

 might, however, be thinly ranged and planted along the fides 

 or boundary parts of large wide compartments, particularly 

 of thofe forts that are wrought on dwarf-flocks, which com- 

 monly branch more moderately, and in a lefa (preading man- 

 ner : as a good portion of the common codlin kind, which 

 naturally (hoot moderately, and are good bearers ; the 

 heads in which being, for the moll part, fuflerod to run in 

 their natural way of growth, except jufl a little occalional 

 regulation and pruning of their branches, as fuggeiled for 

 full ftandards. For walls, however, that are eight or nine 

 feet high, they are proper to plant between the dwarfs (>r 

 principal refidents, to cover the middle, or upper half of 

 the wall, whilft the dwarfs occupy the lower fpace. See 

 Wall-TVi"^^. 



Half-ftandard cherries, apricots. &c. are alfo proper to 

 plant in forcing-frames, to produce early fruit. See 

 FoRCING-Frflm«. 



The after-management of detached trees of tli'S fort, in 

 refpcA to pruning, is nearly the fame as that of the full 

 ftandards ; as, alter iiaving (liot out at top to form the 

 head, they fhould be permitted to branch both in length and 

 laterally nearly in their own way, except jufl pruning to 

 order any confidcrablc irregularity, crowding branches m the 

 middle, or long ramblers, and detaching all fuckers from 



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the root, llem, and head, and cutting out cafual dead wood t 

 and thus the regular branches remaining, at 1 ngtli will emit 

 fruit-fpurs abundantly in every part for bearing. And the 

 half ftandards agamll walls are to be pruned and managed 

 as other wall-trees, each according to its nature and habits 

 of irrovvth. 



Forefl-trees, and the taller forts of the ornamental tree 

 kinds, are feldom or ever trained as half ftandards, but 

 moftly fuffercd to run up in height to their full growths, un- 

 lefs fome particular fort may be required to have the form of 

 a bufliy half itandard for fome fpecial ufe or purpofe. 



Several plants of the fhrub kind, in their natural growth, 

 alFume lomething of the appearance of half flai d irds, 

 thouiih, in moll iiiflances, they are branchy to the bottom, 

 or rife with different ftems ; but they might be moftly trained 

 with a fingle clear Item to the height of three or four feet, 

 and be then fuffered to branch out into full heads, like half 

 ftandards. 



Dwarf Standards. — Thefe are trained with low ftems, 

 only one or two feet high, and then topped, to force out 

 branches to form the head. Ti.ere are feveral forts of choice 

 fruit-trees which are trained as dwarf ftandards, with flemg 

 not more than one foot high, branching out at that height, 

 forming proportionably low heads ; they being occafionally 

 planted round the borders of the kitchen or pleafure-garden, 

 &c. inftead of efpaliers, and the heads either kept down 

 low by clofe pruning, or luffered to branch upward nearly 

 in their natural growth. Tiiefe .ire railed by grafting. See. 

 upon the moll dwarfifh flocks, fuch as apples on codlin or 

 paradife-ftocks, and pears on quinces, &c. in order to dwarf 

 them as much as poflible in their growth ; and as they (hoot 

 in height, each year's (hoots either pruned (hort, to keep 

 the head down, and confine it within a fmall compafs ; or 

 the branches permitted to fhoot in length, except jufl re- 

 ducing cafual ramblers and difordtrlv growers. But by too 

 fevere pruning, too many ufelefs (hoots are forced out an- 

 nually, and a fufficiency of bearing wood feldom produced, 

 fo that it rarely anfwers well, while by flight pruning, tlie 

 trees moftly flioot more moderately, and fooner form tliem- 

 felves into plentiful bearers in better perfeftion. Thefe 

 kinds of dwarf ftandards are not fo generally introduced 

 now, finceefpalier fruit-trees have been brought to a proper 

 degree of perfection in training and bearing. Tlicy might, 

 however, be fparingly admitted, where neceffary, in their 

 different forts, under proper moderate pruning, according 

 to their nature. 



Some have dwarf ftandnrd fruit-trees in pots, for the pur- 

 pofe of forcinir in hot-houfcs, torcmsj-frames, hot-beds, &c. 

 particularly early May ard May-duke cherries, plums, 

 peaches, neflarines, apricots, figs, vines, goofeberrics, cur- 

 rants, &c. which being placed as above, in January, or early 

 in February, often ripen a few fruit very early in tolerable 

 perfection, fome of which might be brouoht to table grow- 

 ing on the trees in the pots. Dwarf flandard fruit-trees are 

 alio proper to plant out fully in the borders, in forcing- 

 frames and houfes. See YoKcma- Frame and Dwari'- 

 Trees. 



Alfo the different varieties of currants and goofeberries 

 may be trained with a fingle item a fo.^t or more high, and 

 then permitted to branch out into a regular head. Keeping 

 the internal part always tolerably open, and the branches mo- 

 derntely thin ; and (hortcninfr them but fparingly. p.iriicu- 

 larly the goofeborry, by wliich dwarf (hrubby plants are 

 formed, and which become very prodiiftive. 



There arc ditTerent ftirubhy plants of the evergreen and 



flowering upright one-llemmed kinds, loo, which may be 



4 Z a ' trained 



