S T A 



trained as dwarf ftandards, though the greatefl number of 

 plants of the Ihriibby fort are the moll ornamental when 

 they rife in a biifhy manner, with many ftems from the bot- 

 tom. Thefe plants, when neceffary, are to be trained with 

 one ftem, which is readily accomplilhed by retrenching and 

 removing the fuperfluous parts, and trimming away all low 

 ftragghng branches, fo as to form a clear fingle ftem for a 

 fmatl fpace at the bottom parts, as the nature of their growth 

 may require, then fuffering them to branch out into full 

 heads. 



Some of the low fhrubs of the above forts are fuppofed by 

 fome to appear to the bell advantage when trained in this 

 manner. 



General Culture. — In regard to the management of 

 ftandard trees of the fruit kind, when they are planted out 

 in an irregular manner throughout the whole garden ground, 

 which is never, or very rarely, an eligible praftice, little is 

 to be done in the way of fuiting them to the nature and cul- 

 tivation of the ground or foil, as they muft neceflarily give 

 way in thefe refpedls to the forts of crops which are to be 

 raifed upon the different quarters or parts of the ground. 

 Mr. Loudon has, howi ver, fuggefted, that the bell way of 

 employing ftandard fruit-trees and Ihrubs in gardens, or all 

 /which are unfallened, is either in rows, in the manner in 

 vhich goofeberry plant? or bulhes are ufually fet along the 

 fides of the beds or borders, in particular quarters of the 

 ground by themfelves ; or in orchard-grounds. Standard 

 trees of thefe kinds, for the borders in kitchen-gardens, 

 fliould always, it is faid, be kept low, in order that they may 

 fliade the crops on the different fides as little as poflible. But 

 it is thought to be perhaps the beft way to have feparate dif- 

 tinft quarters or parts for ftandards of thefe kinds ; to have 

 thofeof the apple and pear forts grafted on paradife or quince- 

 ftocks, by which means they come fooner into a fruiting 

 ftate ; and by the time thofe in the orchards or on the walls 

 are in a full bearing condition, fuch quarters are fit to be 

 thrown out : and, if neceliary, other quarters might be 

 planted to fucceed them. In this manner, when a new gar- 

 den was wanted to be made, a tolerable fupply of fruit 

 might be had every year after the third ; it being well 

 known, it is faid, that apple-trees raifed on paradife-liocks, 

 and pears on quince-ltocks, will frequently bear the fecond 

 year after grafting, and very generally the third : and as 

 thofe to be planted in the quarters would be three or four 

 years old before they were removed from the nurfery, they 

 would commence bearing immediately. 



Standard apple-trees for orchards (hould generally be of 

 the tall or high kind, and always grafted upon crab-llocks. 

 See Orchard and Stocks. 



In ftandard fmall fruit-fhrubs, as the different currant 

 kinds, a great deal depends upon their being properly cut in, 

 as they fhould be permitted only to produce from Ituds or 

 fpurs, and from thefe, after the fhrubby bufties are four 

 years old, the young wood being wholly cut away during 

 winter. This method is, however, only neceflary and ap- 

 plicable to ftandard currant-ftiruhs, where large fruit is 

 wanted ; as when currant-trees are grown againft walls, and 

 the defign is to preferve fruit upon the trees from the period 

 of the currant feafon until the middle of winter, as is the 

 praftice in fome cafes, the mode is to have the fruit rather 

 fmaller, and the tree larger, and fo much covered with fruit 

 as to allow of but few fhoots. Thefe purpofes are excel- 

 lently accompliflied in this way in many places. 



Standard forcft-trees of all forts, and deciduous and ever- 

 green ftandard flirubs, (hould moftly, when for ornament, be 

 planted out fingly, or among clumps or groups of low plants, 



S T A 



fo as to produce the bell and moft fuitable effefts, according 

 to the nature of the fituation or place, and the kind of tree 

 or Ihrub which is employed for the purpofe. 



Standard Timber-Trees, all fuch deciduous and other 

 trees as are raifed in woods and other places, trained aad 

 left for the purpofe of forming timber. See Timber. 



STANDENHEIM, in Geography, a town of France, in 

 the department of the Rhine and Mofelle ; 9 miles W.S.W. 

 of Creutznach. 



STANDIA, called alfo Dia, an idand of the Mediter- 

 ranean fea, fituated three leagues N.E. by E. of Candia. 

 It is about four miles long by two broad ; its circumference 

 is irregular ; in its fouth parts are three natural harbours, 

 where fhips of burden, bound to Candia, catt anchor and 

 unload a part of their cargo, becaufe the harbour of that 

 town is not deep enough to receive them when they are fully 

 laden. On their departure they alfo go and wait at Dia till 

 boats bring them commodities for completing their lading. 

 The middle harbour, called " Porto della Madona," is the 

 bell of the three ; a veffel may caft anchor there in from fix 

 or eight fathoms water up to a confiderable depth. On 

 doubling the E. point a fourth harbour occurs, by no means 

 fafe, rather (hallow and open to the E. wind, but (heltered 

 from the S.W. and N.W. Here a merchant veffel, caught 

 in a gale of wind, might take refuge. This ifland is lofty, 

 rugged, and entirely calcareous. The rock is naked, ex- 

 cept towards the lummit, where the foil feems to be fit for 

 the culture of the vine and the ohve-tree. In various places 

 a whitifti marble is found ; and here are alfo veins, feveral 

 feet thick, of llreaked alabafter, which is thought to be of 

 the greateft beauty. Rabbits are numerous in this ifland ; 

 and it has fome wild goats, in places that are inacceffible, 

 and alfo feveral cats of different colours, that probably be- 

 longed to veliels which have been call away. N. lat. 35° 26'. 

 E. long. 25° 9'. Olivier. 



Standia, a town of European Turkey, in Macedonia, 

 in a fmall bay of the gulf of Saloniki ; 13 miles N. of La- 

 rili'a. — Alfo, a town of Afiatic Turkey, in Natolia, on the 

 W. coaft. N. lat. 36° 54'. E. long. 27° 18'. 



STANDING, in Navigation, denotes the movement by 

 which a (hip advances towards a certain objeft, or departs 

 from it : as the enemy (lands in (hore, the Engli(h fleet are 

 (landing-oft'. Sec. 



Standing, in Ship-Building, a term applied to a bevelling 

 that is obtufe-angled, or without a fquare. 



Standing yfrffjy. SeeAR.My. 



Standing Coin/. See Coins. 



Standing of Colours, is ufed by painters for their durable- 

 nefs, in oppofition tojlying. 



Standing Fold, in Agriculture, a term applied to that 

 fort of fold, made for containing and protecting (heep, 

 which is of the fixed and immoveable kind, in contradiftinc- 

 tion to thofe which are of a moveable nature on land of the 

 arable or grafs kind. See Folding of Sheep, and Sheep- 

 Fold. 



In Suffex, the ftanding fold of the late general Murray is 

 ftated to have been well contrived and formed. It com- 

 prifed an inclofcd area of fifty-feven yards in length, and 

 twenty in breadth, containing one thoufand one hundred and 

 forty fquare yards ; more than feven hundred ewes were 

 ufually folded in it during the night, and for that number, 

 it afforded a fpace of more than a yard and a half for each 

 (heep. It had all around it a fhed, nine or ten feet wide, 

 and likewife acrofs the middle part, which latter was open 

 on both fides. There was alfo a rack for hay put up againd 

 the wall, which was boarded, and furrounded the whole of 



the 



