TAW 



perceived to ftick to them, and then arc left. After this, 

 as they rife of themfelvcs to the top of the water by a kind 

 of fermentation, they arc phingcd down again to the bot- 

 tom, and, at the fame time, fire is fet to the liquor, which 

 takes as eafily as if it were brandy, but goes out the mo- 

 ment the (kins are all covered. 



This operation is repeated as often as the (kins rife above 

 water ; and when they rife no more, they are taken out, 

 laid on the wooden leg, the fle(h-fide outermoft, and the 

 knife is paflTed over it to fcmpe o(F the bran. The bran 

 thus cleared, the (l<ins arc laid in a large badcet, where they 

 are loaded with huge ftones to promote their draining ; and 

 when fufficiently drained their feeding is given them, which 

 is performed after the following manner : For too large 

 fheep-lkins, and for fmaller in proportion, they take eight 

 pounds of alum and three of fea-falt, melt the whole with 

 water in a vefl'el over the fire, poviring the folution out, 

 while yet lukewarm, into a kind of trough, in which are 

 20 pounds of the fineft wheat-flour, with eight dozen 

 yolks of eggs ; of all this together is formed a kind of 

 parte, a little thicker than children's pap, which, when 

 done, is put into another veffel, to be ufed in manner 

 following. 



A quantity of hot water being poured into the trough in 

 which the paile was j)repared, two fpoonfuls of the pafte are 

 niixed with it ; in order to which tlu-y ufe a wooden fpoon, 

 which contains ju(l what is required for a dozen fliins ; and 

 when the whole is well diluted, two dozen of the (Icins are 

 plunged into it, care being taken by the way, that the water 

 be not too hot, which would fpoil both the pafte and hurt the 

 fldns. Having (laid foine time in the trough, they are taken 

 out one after another with the hand, and (Iretched out ; this 

 is repeated twice ; when they have all had their pafte, they are 

 put into tubs, where they are fulled afreih with wooden 

 peftles. 



Then they are put into a vat, where they remain five or 

 fix days or more, and are at laft taken out in fair weather, 

 and hung out to dry on cords or racks ; the quicker tiiey 

 dry the better, for if they be too long in drying, the fait 

 and alum within them are apt to make them rife in a grain, 

 which is an eifential fault in this kind of drefRng. 



When the fliins are dry, they are put up into bundles, 

 and juft dipt in fair water; from which being taken out and 

 drained, they are thrown into an empty tub, and, after 

 fome time, are taken out, and well trampled under foot. 



They are then drawn over a flat iron inftrnment, the top 

 of which is round, like a battledore, and the bottom fixed 

 into a wooden block, to ft retch and open them : when 

 opened, they are hung in the air upon cords to dry ; and 

 when dry they are opened a fecond time, repaffmg them 

 over the fame inftrnment. 



Laftly, they are laid 011^ table, pulled out and laid 

 fmooth, and are thus in a condition for fale and ufe. 



After the fame manner are drefled horfcs', cows', calves' 

 ft<ins, &c. for the fadlers, harnefs-makers. Sec, as alfo dogs', 

 wolves', bears' flcins, &c. excepting that in thefe the ufe of 

 pafte is omitted, fait and alum-vvater being fuflicient. See 

 Tamxin'g. 



By ilat. 9 Ann. c. 11. and 10 Ann. c. 26. the follow- 

 ing duties are impofed on hides or fl^ins tawed or drelfed in 

 Great Britain. For horfe-hides dreft'ed in alum and fait, or 

 meal, or otherwife tawed, u. (,d. a hide ; hides of fteers, 

 cows, and all other (except horfe-hides) drelfed in alum and 

 fait or meal, or otherwife tawed, 3^. a hide ; calve.(l<ins and 

 kips, dreffed in aluni and fait or meal, or otherwife tawed, 

 I^f/. apound; (kins fo drelfed or tawed with the hair on, 

 3^. ■ a dozen, and without hair, lu a dozen 5 dog-fliins fo 



TAX 



dreflfed or tawed, \s. a dozen ; buck and doe-flclns (except 

 what paid the duty on importation) dreffed in alura and fait 

 or meal, or otlierwife tawed, 6d. a pound ; kid-fliins fo 

 dreffed or tawed, except as before, is. a dozen ; goat-(kins 

 fo dreffed or tawed, 2s. a dozen ; beaver-flcins fo tawed, 

 2s. a dozen ; niecp-n<ihs and lamb-ftcins fo dreffed or tawed, 

 I i^. a pound ; and all other tawed flvins, not before charged, 

 ^o/. for every 100/. value. All thefe duties are to be paid 

 by the tawers or makers. 



For hides and flvins dreffed in oil, 6d. a pound; deer, 

 goat, and beaver-flcins dreffed in oil, 6d. a pound ; calve- 

 (kins dreffed in oil, id. a pound ; flieep and lamb-fldivs 

 dreffed in oil, 3 J. a pound ; all flvins dreffed in oil, not be- 

 fore charged, 15/. in the 100/. according to the real value ; 

 all wliich are to be paid by tlie oil leather-dreffers. 



For other regulations, fee Leather and Tanner. 



TAWIXIWI, in Geography, a town of America, on 

 the Miami. N. hit. 40'^ 35'. W. long. 84° 4'. 



TAWNY, in Heraldry. See Tenne. 



TAWY, in Geography, a river of South Wales, which 

 rifes in Brecknockfliire, and runs into the fea at Swanfea. 



TAX, formed from ry.^L-, order, denotes a certain aid, 

 fubfidy, or fupply, granted by the commons of Great Bri- 

 tain in parliament affembled, conftituting the king's extra- 

 ordinary revenue ; and paid yearly towards the expences 

 of the govermuent. See Money -5/7/j-, Parliament, and 

 Supply. 



Anciently, the tax feems to have been impofed by the 

 king at his pleafure ; but Edward I. bound himfelf, and 

 his fucceffors, from that time forward, not to levy it, but 

 by confent of the realm. 



To this purpofe the celebrated Mr. Locke, in his " l^ffay 

 on Government," (ch. xi. J 140.) lays down the following 

 propofition as fundamental. " 'Tis true, government can- 

 not be fupported without great charge ; and 'tis fit every 

 one who enjoys his (hare of proteftion, (hould pay out of 

 his eftate his proportion for the maintenance of it. But 

 ftill it muft be with his own confent, i. e. the confent of 

 the majority, giving it either by themfelves, or their repre- 

 fentatives chofen by them : for if any one (hall claim a 

 power to lay and levy taxes on the people by his own au- 

 thority, and without fuch confent of the people, he thereby 

 invades the fundamental law of property, and fubverts the 

 end of government. For what property have I in that, 

 which another may by right take when he pleafes to 

 himfelf?" 



Dr. Adam Smith, the ingenious author of "An En- 

 quiry into the Nature and Caufes of the Wealth of Na- 

 tions," to'whofe work we have had occafion to refer, lays 

 down (vol. ii. p. 2.) the four following ma:iims with regard 

 to taxes in general. " i. The fubjefts of every ftate ought 

 to contribute towards the fnpport of the government, as 

 nearly as poffible, in proportion to their refpeftive abilities, 

 that is, in proportion to the revenue which they refpeftively 

 enjoy under the proteftion of the ftate. 2. The tax, which 

 each individual is bound to pay, ought to be certain, and 

 not arbitrary. The time of payment, the manner of pay- 

 ment, the quantity to be paid, ought all to be clear and 

 plain to the contributor, and to every other perfon. When 

 it is otherwife, every perfon fubjeft to the tax is put more 

 or lefs in the power of the tax-gatherer, v.'ho can either 

 aggravate the tax upoij any obnoxious contributor, or ex- 

 tort, by the licence of fuch aggravation, fome prefent or 

 perquifite to himfelf. 3. Every tax ought to be levied at 

 the time, or in the manner, in which it is moft hkely to be 

 convenient for the contributor to pay it. 4. Every tax ought 

 to be fo contrived, as both to take out and to keep out of the 



pockets 



