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^rfc, as is obvious from the vaft confumption of expenfive 

 food that miift take place. The yearly expencc of keep- 

 ing a labouring horle and an ox, previous to the late 

 rife in tlie different articles that are made ufe of as food, 

 has been Hated, in the fixteenth volume of the Annals of 

 Agriculture, to be in the general amount as follows : ^f'z. 

 that of a working horfe, 1 7/. i oj-. Gd. ; and that of a working 

 ox, 13/. IJ-. lod.: fo that the difference of expcnce in favour 

 of the ox is 4^. Sj. 8^. 



The difference in the expences of food, (ince the above 

 period, may have probably demanded the addition of rather 

 more than one-third to thefe accounts ; though they are at 

 prefent much lowered. 



The training or breaking' in the oxen for team-labour is 

 commonly performed by firil confining them by means of a 

 halter or rope, while the yoke or harnefs is put on, and 

 then placing them between a pair of old Heady oxen both 

 before and behind, fo that they can neither pufli forward nor 

 backward in an improper manner ; and another, perhaps 

 better, way is to yoke them fingly with an old team-ox, 

 which is not a free worker, as they are lefs liable to be hurt 

 in hot weather in this way. They may alio be firil broken 

 in, by being employed in other forts of labour before they 

 are put to the plough. 



Oxen are more apt to tread, poach, and injure the land, 

 efpecially where it is of a heavy, clayey, moift nature, when 

 worked in yokes, than when in harnefs ; yet fome diftrifts 

 prefer the fyitem of yokes and bows, either fingle or double, 

 to the harnefs method, which is a later praftice. And 

 there is a wide difference of opinion among pradlical farmers 

 about the fuperiority of the one or the other method. Some 

 very fenfible men, who have tried both ways, contend that 

 three in harnefs are equal to as much work as four in the 

 other mode, and that they are more quick in their motions, 

 and work with more eafe : while others, equally well ex- 

 perienced, are decidedly of opinion that the old eftablilhed 

 method is fuperior to the new, and that any number in 

 yokes are equal to the fame number in collars. The queltion 

 is, of courfe, not yet well decided : however, it is agreed, 

 that it is unfavourable to work them too hard in any 

 method. 



The neceffary proportion of horfes to the extent of the 

 farm, is alfo' a circumflance that is of much interefl to the 

 farmer ; but which muft of neceffity vary greatly, according 

 to the nature, fituation, and flate of the land, as well as the 

 mode of hufbandry under which it is conduCled. 



In deciding the neceffary proportion of team, the farmer 

 muft likewife well confider the extent which tlie fward or 

 grafs-land bears to that which is in the ftate of tillage ; as 

 where the proportion of the former is confiderable, there 

 will be much lefs team-work to be executed, of courfe a 

 much lefs ftrength may be fufficient. Where the farm is 

 under the hay fyftcm, as there is feldom much team-work, 

 except in conveying the produce and carting manure, a 

 finaller extent of team is moftly fufficient, in proportion to 

 the quantity of land, than in other cafes. And in the dairy 

 management, the fame is the cafe ; but as in this cafe it be- 

 comes neceffary to raife green crops as cattle food, a fome- 

 what ilronger team may be required than in the former 

 cafe. 



In perfeftly tillage farms, whether condufted under the 

 naked fallow fyftem, or the more improved management 

 under the convertible hufbandry, a much greater force of 

 team will be required, in proportion to the extent of land 

 that is to be cultivated. Some reduftion of team-labour 

 may, however, be effefted in both cafes, by having recourfe 



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to green fmothcring crops in the place of the fallowings 

 which lliould always be done as much as polliblo. ' 



There can be no doubt but that t'lereare fome other forts 

 of animals, befides thofe of the horfe and ox kind, that may 

 be occafionally employed in team-labour. Th- nmle is an 

 animal well calculated for this purpofe, from its biing more 

 hardy, and enduring work a greater length of time, or to a 

 more advanced age, than the horfe. in fome cafes, the 

 fmaller forts of mules have been recomme.ided, as more 

 hardy and ufeful ; but in Worcefterlhire, large mules iiave 

 been found more beneficial for team purpofes. 



The afs may likewife be employed for leam-labour with 

 advantage, in fmall concerns, from its hardy nature, and 

 being capable of living on more fcanly faie than the horfe ; 

 and it is very ufeful for numerous purjjofes about the farm- 

 houfe. 



\Vhatcver fort of teams may be made ufe of upon farms, 

 they fliould always be well attended to, and no negleft of 

 any kind fuffered in regard to them ; and when attacked by 

 diieafe, recourfe be had as quickly as poffible to proper 

 remedies. 



TEAN, in Geography, a river of England, which runs 

 mto the Dove, 2 miles N.E. of Uttoxeter. 



TEANO, a tov\'n of Naples, in Lavora ; 14 miles N.W. 

 of Capua. 



TEANUM, TiANo, in Ancient Geography, a town of 

 Italy, m Campania, towards the fouth-eaft. It was a Re 

 man colony, and a confiderable town. — Alfo. a town ot 

 Italy, fu»named Apulum by Strabo, and Apulcni; Kv 

 Pliny. 



TEAP, in Rural Economy, provincially a tup i 

 See Ram. 



TEARNE, in Geography, a river of England, v.-; . 

 runs into the Severn, near Shrev\'fbury. 



TEARPOUR, a town of Hindooftan, in the circar of 

 Sumbul ; 13 miles N.N.E. of Sumbul. 



TEARS, in Phyfwlogy, the pecuhar limpid fluid fecreted 

 by the lacrymal gland. This fluid is deftined to prefervc the 

 tranfparency of the cornea, by keeping it moift, and remov- 

 ing from it foreign fubftances. In man a preternatural flow 

 of tears is excited by different palTions of the mind, efpe- 

 cially grief; but it is doubtful if this takes place in any 

 inferior animal. See Eye, Man, and Passion. 



The fluid of tears has been examined chemically by Four- 

 croy and Vauquelin, but tlieir account of its properties is 

 not fo complete as could be wifhed. It is colourlefs and 

 tranfparent, without any fmcll, but of a perceptibly faline 

 tafte. Its fpecific gravity is fomewhat greater than that of 

 water. It tinges vegetable blues green. It unites with 

 water, both cold and hot, in every proportion. The 

 mineral acids produce no change upon it. When evaporated 

 to drynefs, a number of cubic cryftals of muriate of foda 

 are obtained ; and there are alfo diftinft traces of a free 

 alkali, which is foda. One hundred parts, when evaporated, 

 leave only four of folid matter, of which about one is faline 

 matter, and the reft a peculiar animal fubllance, which 

 thefe chemills confidered as a fpecies of mucus, and which is 

 feparatcd likewife from tears in tlieir fluid ftate, in the form 

 of flakes, when alcoiiol is poured upon them. This peculiar 

 animal matter, on expofure to the air, is ftated to poffefs the 

 property of gradually ablorbing oxygen, which renders it 

 thick andvifcid, and of a yellow colour. In this ftate it is 

 infolublc in water, and remains long fufpended in it without 

 alteration. Hence, fays Berzehus, if thefe obfervations al-e 

 to be depended upon, this fubftance bears a confiderable 

 affinity to tlie mucus of the nofe, which probably, like that 

 Aa z of 



