T E M 



T E M 



cool (lowly, that it may be extended, filed, aiid receive the 

 neceffary form : after which every workman tempers it 

 again in his own way. 



M. Berthoud, in his treatife on marine clocks, recom- 

 mends hardening the (lecl-balance wheel, by daubing it over 

 with foot (of wood) moittened witli urine, putting it into 

 a fmall box of thin iron-plate, and covering it over with the 

 fame compofition. This box with its contents is to be 

 heated to a blood-red, and then tlie wheel taken out fud- 

 denly and quenched. 



Mr. Harrifon and M. Berthoud feem to agree upon the 

 whole, that the balance-fpring of time-pieces ftiould be 

 liardened and tempered after it has been coiled up in its 

 proper form ; and not tempered firft and coiled up after- 

 wards, as is the pra£lice in making the main-fpring. Some 

 curious workmen, in order to equally temper fmall fteel in- 

 ftruments, employ melted lead as an intermedium. A plate 

 of iron floats upon the melted lead, and receives from it, 

 in all its parts, an equal heat : the pieces of fteel laid upon 

 this plate, acquire all at once the fame degree of heat, and 

 are at once quenched in water ; tlic blue or other colours, 

 which they fucceflively aflume, affording fure marks of the 

 proper points of heat at which thev are to be quenched, 

 according to the different degrees of hardnefs required in 

 them. Lewis's Com. Phil. Techn. p. 32. 



For the method of tempering fteel bars for artificial mag- 

 nets, praftifed by Mr. Canton, fee Artificial Magnet. 



The ancients appear to fome to liave had a better method 

 of tempering than any of the moderns are acquainted with ; 

 witnefs their works in porphyry ; a ftone fo hard, that 

 fcarcely any of our tools make any impreffion upon it. 



Tempering of Land, in Agricultitre, a term fignifying 

 the preparing it for a crop, efpecially of wheat. It is a 

 term in much ufe in Norfolk. It imphes aU the various 

 operations that may be undertaken in this intention. 



TEMPEST, Tempestas, a ftorm or violent commo- 

 tion of the air, with or without rain, hail, fnow, &c. 



Tempest, in Mythology, a deity among the Romans, 

 concerning whom we merely know, that Marcellus, as an 

 acknowledgment for having efcaped a ftorm, with which 

 he was overtaken at fea, between the iflands of Corfica 

 and Sardinia, built a temple to her without the Porta 

 Capena. 



TEMPESTA, Antonio, in Biography, was an ingeni- 

 ous defigner and painter, born at Florence in 1555, and 

 was initiated in the art by Santi di Titi ; afterwards he 

 ftudied imder another artift, whofe name was Stradanus. 

 Tempefta was gifted with a brilliant and powerful imagina- 

 tion, not, however, of the moft correft or exalted kind. 

 His favourite fubjefts were battles, fieges, cavalcades, hunt- 

 ings, proceffions, &c. ; all of which he arranged and de- 

 figned in a novel and rich ftyle, and executed with un- 

 common fpirit and energy. He was employed by Gre- 

 goi-y XIII. in the Vatican, which he adorned with gro- 

 tefque inventions, and fome few hiftorical produftions. He 

 was alfo employed by the marchefe Juftiniani in decorating 

 his palace ; and in feveral of the churches of Rome, Tem- 

 pefta's paintings may be found. 



He not only exercifed his genius and time with the pen- 

 cil, but devoted much of both to the etching needle ; having 

 left behind him nearly 1800 plates of different kinds, and 

 of very confiderable merit. He died in 1630, aged 75. 



TEMPIE, in Geography, a town of the ifiand of Sar- 

 dinia ; 25 miles E. of Caftello Arragonefe Alfo, a town 



of Mexico, in the province of Guadalajara ; 500 miles 

 N.W. of Mexico. 



TEMPLARS, Templers, or Knights of the Temple, a 



religious military order, firft cftabliflied at Jenifalem, in 

 favour of pilgrims travelling to the Holy Land. 



The original of this order, tiie firft military one in the 

 world, is this : in 1 1 1 8, fome pious and noble pcrfons de- 

 voted themfclves to the fervice of God, in the prefence 

 of the patriarch of Jerufalem ; promifing to live in perpe- 

 tual chaftity, obedience, and poverty, after the manner of 

 canons. 



The two principal perfons were Hugo de Paganis, and 

 Gcoffry of St. Omers. Baldwin II. then king of Jeru- 

 falem, gave them an apartment in his palace, near the temple 

 at .lerufalem, not far from the fepulchre of our Saviour ; 

 whence their denomination Templars. 



Soon afterwards, the canons of the temple gave them a 

 piece of ground near the faid temple, on which to build 

 regular houfes ; and the king, the lords, the patriarch, and 

 the prelates, each gas'e them fomewhat out of their revenue 

 for food and cloaths. 



Their firft undertaking, and what they had firft in view 

 at their inftitution, was, to guard the, highway againft rob- 

 bers, &c. chiefly for the fafety of pilgrims and croifes. 



The principal articles of their rule were : that they (liould 

 hear the holy office throughout every day ; or that, when 

 their military duties (hould prevent this, they (hould fupply 

 it by a certain number of pater nofters : that they (liould 

 abftain from flefh four days in the week, and on Fridays 

 from eggs and milk-meats : that each knight might have 

 three horfes, and one efquire : and that they (hould neither 

 hunt nor fowl. 



In the year 1228, this order acquired ftability, by being 

 confirmed in the council of Troyes, and fubjefted to a rule 

 of difcipline drawn up by St. Bernard. 



In every nation they had a particular governor, called 

 majler of the temple, or of the militia of the temple. Their 

 grand-mafter had his refidence at Paris. 



The order of Templars flourifhed for fome time, and ac- 

 quired by the valour of its knights immenfe riches, and an 

 eminent degree of mihtary renown : but as their profperity 

 increafcd, their vices were multiplied, and their arrogance, 

 luxury, and cruelty, rofe at laft to fuch a monftrous height, 

 that their privileges were revoked, and their order fupprefled 

 with the moft terrible circumftances of infamy and fcverity. 

 Their accufers were two of their ovi-n body, and their cliief 

 profecutor Philip the Fair, of France, who addrcffcd hie 

 complaints to Clement V. The pope, though at firft un- 

 willing to proceed againft them, was under the necefTity of 

 complying with the king's defire, fo that, in the year 1307, 

 upon an appointed day, and for fome time afterwards, all 

 the knights, who were difperfed throughout Europe, were 

 feized and imprifoned. Such of them as refufed to confefs 

 the enormities of which they were accufed, were put to 

 death ; and tliofe who, by tortures and promifes, were in- 

 duced to acknowledge the truth of what was laid to their 

 charge, obtained their liberty. In 131 2, the whole order 

 was fupprefled by the council of Vienne. A part of the 

 rich revenues they poffefTed was beftowed upon other orders, 

 efpecially on the knights of St. John, now of Malta, and 

 the reft confifcatcd to the refpeftive treafuries of the fove- 

 rcign princes in whofe dominions their pofTeffions lay — The 

 knights Templars, in order to juftify the feverity with which 

 they were treated, were charged with apoftacy to the Sara> 

 cens, and holding correfpondence with them ; with iufulting 

 the majefty of God ; turning into derifion the Gofpel of 

 Chi'ift ; and trampling upon the obligation of all laws, human 

 and divine. Candidates, it is faid, upon admiflion to this 

 order, were commanded to fpit, in token of contempt, upon 

 an image of Chrifl, and after admiflion, to worlhip cither a 

 S f 2 cat. 



