TEMPLE. 



to Iioiiour, but that honour is alfo obliged to rcpafs t(irou|h 

 rtrtuc, that is, to perfcvere in it, aiid acquire more of it. — The 

 temple of Janus.' The Romans built, at different times, three 

 temples to .lar.us ; for an account of which, fee Janus — The 

 temple of .lupiter the Prefervef was one of the fixty temples 

 that flood upon the Capitoline hill. .lupiter Cuftos was re- 

 prcfcnted in it, holding his thunder with one hand, and a dart 

 with the other, and the figure of the emperor was under his 

 thunder, to (hew that he was under Jupiter's proteftion ; 

 or elfe engraved, lying upon a globe, and holding an image 

 of viftory, with the eagle at his feet, and thefe words, 

 «' Jovi Confervatori Augullorum noftrorum." — The temple 

 of Jupiter Optrmus Maximus, or Jupiter Capitolinus, was 

 moft commonly called the Capitol; which fee. — The temple 

 of Liberty was built upon mount Aventine, on the fpot 

 where Cicero's houfe once ftood, enriched with feveral brafs 

 pillars, and many fine ftatues. — Th'^ temple of Mars ftood 

 on the declivity of the Capitoline bill. In this temple were 

 kept the eagles and other military enfigns of the Romans, 

 and alfo the chariot in which Cxfar had triumphed — The 

 temple of Peace was begun by the emperor Claudius, and 

 finifhed by Vefpafian, who embelli(hcd it with paintings and 

 ftatues of the greateft matters, and alfo depofited in it all 

 the fpoils and riches taken by his fon Titus in the temple of 

 Jerusalem. It was burnt in the reign of Commodus — The 

 temple of Jupiter the Avenger was the Pantheon ; which fee. 

 To the temples already enumerated, we might add thofe of 

 Antoninus and Fauftina, of Auguftus, of Auguftus and 

 Bacchus, of the Mufes, of Ceres, of Claudius Caefar, of 

 Concord, of Fame, of the Flavian family, of Faunus, of 

 Fever, of Trajan and Neptune, of Happinefs, of Faith and 

 Jupiter the Preferver, of Flora, of Bad Fortune, of the 

 eldeft or firft-born Fortune, of Public Fortune, of Virile or 

 Courageous Fortune, of Hercules, of Juno, of Juno Mo- 

 heta, of Juno Sofpita, the giver or preferver of health, of 

 queen Juno, of Jupiter Feretrius, of Jupiter Stator, of 

 iipiter Tonans or the Thunderer, of Jupiter the Conqueror, 

 of Liber, an epithet of Bacchus, of the Mother of the 

 gods, of Mercury, of Minerva, of the goddafs Nenia, of 

 Ops and Saturn, of the Penates or Houfehold gods, of 

 Reft, of Quirinus, of Romulus and Remus, of Saturn, of 

 Serapis, of the Sun, of the Sun and Moon, of the god 

 Sylvanus, of Tellus or the Earth, of Venus, of Venus and 

 Cupid, of Venus Erj'cina, of Venus Erycina and the Mind, 

 of Venus Verticordis, of Vertumnus, of Vefta, and many 

 others, which, great and fmall, amounted to upwards of one 

 thoufand. 



Temple, Jewijli, at Jerufalem, was an edifice erefted 

 much after the model of the tabernacle, but in a much more 

 magnificent and expenfive manner. According to the 

 opinion of fome, there were three different temples : the 

 firft built by David and Solomon on mount Moriah, which 

 was part of mount Sion ; the fecond, by Zerubbabel and 

 .Toftiua the high prieft ; and the third by Herod. This 

 laft, however, the Jews will not allow to be a new temple, 

 but only the fecond repaired or rebuilt. The expence of 

 building Solomon's temple was prodigious: the gold and 

 filver employed for this purpofe amounted to upwards of 

 eight hundred miUions fterling (i Chron. xxii. 14. xxix. 4. 

 6, 7.), which, fays Dr. Prideaux, was fufficient to have 

 built the whole temple with folid filver. But as the book 

 of Chronicles was written after the return from the Baby- 

 lonifh captivity, it is probable that the Jews might compute 

 by the Babylonifh talent, which was little more than half 

 the Mofaic talent, or perhaps by the Syriac talent, which 

 was but one-fifth of the Babylonifh ; and thus the whole 

 quantity of gold and filver would be reduced to a com- 



paratively moderate quantity, and yet fufficient for the 

 purpofe. 



Jofephus (lib. vii. xiv. ii. ) acquaints us, that the two 

 firft fums were only one-tenth part of what is expreffed in 

 the prefent Hebrew ; and Dr. Kennicott ( State of the 

 Hebrew Text, vol. ii. p. 355.) thinks it probable, that 

 a cipher was added to them both in fome very ancient He- 

 brew copy. 



This temple was furrounded, except at the front or eaft 

 end, with three ftories of chambers, each five cubits fquare, 

 which reached to half the height of the temple ; and the 

 front was graced with a magnificent portico, which rofe to 

 the height of a hundred and twenty cubits. It was plun- 

 dered by Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon, and at length 

 deftroyed, after it had ftood, according to Jofephus, four 

 hundred and feventy years, fix months, and ten days, from 

 its dedication. Others, however, as Calvifius and Scaliger, 

 reduce the number of years to four hundred and tvventy- 

 feven, or four hundred and twenty-eight ; and Ufher, to 

 four hundred and twenty-four years, three months, and 

 eight days. 



The fecond temple was built by the Jews, after their re- 

 turn from the Babylonifh captivity, under the direction and 

 influence of Zerubbabel their governor, and of Jofhua the 

 high prieft, with the leave and encouragement of Cyrus the 

 Perfian emperor, to whom Judaea was now become a tri- 

 butaiy kingdom. According to the Jews, this temple was 

 deftitute of five remarkable appendages, which were the chief 

 glory of the firft temple ; w'z. the ark and mercy-feat, the 

 Schechinah, the holy fire on the altar, which had been firft 

 kindled from heaven, the urim and thummim, and the fpirit 

 of prophecy. This temple was plundered and profaned by 

 Antiochus Epiphanes, who alfo caufed the public worfhip 

 in it to ceafe ; and afterwards purified by Judas Maccabaeus, 

 who reftored the divine worfliip : and after having ftood five 

 hundred years, rebuilt by Herod, with a magnificence ap- 

 proaching to that of Solomon's. Tacitus calls it immenftc 

 opulentix templum ; and Jofephus fays, it was the moft afto- 

 niftiing ftrufture he had ever feen, as well on account of its 

 architedlure as its magnitude, and likewife the richnefs and 

 magnificence of its various parts, and the reputation of its 

 facred appurtenances. This temple, which Herod began to 

 build about fixteen years before the birth of Chrift, and fo 

 far completed in nine years and a half, as to be fit for divine 

 fervice, was at length deftroyed by the Romans on the fame 

 month and day of the month, on which Solomon's temple 

 was deftroyed by the Babylonians. 



The Jewifti temple itfelf confifted of the portico, the fanc- 

 tuary, and the holy of holies ; and it was ornamented with 

 fpacious courts, making a fquare of half a mile in circum- 

 ference. The firft court was called the court of the Gen- 

 tiles, becaufe they were allowed to come into it, but no 

 farther. Within this was a lefs court, into which none but 

 Ifraelites might enter, divided into the court of the women ; 

 and the inner court, in which the temple and altar ftood, and 

 into which the priefts and all male Ifraelites might enter. 



Temple, in ArchiteSure. The ancient temples were dif- 

 tinguifhed, with regard to their conftruiSlion, into various 

 kinds : as. 



Temple \n antic, /Edes in antis. Thefe, according to 

 Vitruvius, were the moft fimple of all temples, having only 

 angular pilafters, called antd, or parajlatie, at the corners, 

 and two Tufcan columns, on each fide of the doors. 



Temple, Tetrajlyle, or fimply tetrafiyle, was a temple that 

 had four columns in front, and as many behind. Such was 

 the temple of Fortuna Virihs at Rome. 



Templ£, Projlyle, that which had only columns in its 



front, 



