T E S 



a foldier or mariner landed, and the place of his dwtlling, 

 and whither he is to pafs. 



TESTIMONY. See Evidknce. 



Teftimony is a ferious intimation from another of any faft 

 or obfervation, as being what he remembers to have fecn, 

 lieai'd, or experienced. The evidence of ti.'ilimony is either 

 oral or written. Some have unreafonably fuppofcd, that 

 this kind of evidence is folely and originally derived from 

 experience. With regard to this it may be obferved, that 

 the evidence of teftimony is to be coniidered as ilriftly logi- 

 cal, no farther than human veracity, in general, or the vera- 

 city of witneffes of fuch a charafter, and in fuch circum- 

 ftances in particular, is fupportcd, or hath not been refuted 

 by experience. But that teftimony, antecedently to expe- 

 rience, hath a natural influence on belief, is undeniable, in 

 which refpeft it refembles memory. And in what regards 

 fmgle fafts, it is a more adequate evidence than any conclu- 

 iions from experience. When experience is applied to the dif- 

 covery of the truth in a particular incident, the evidence is 

 called prej'umptive ; whereas ample teftimony is accounted a 

 pofitive proof of the faft. Teftimony is capable of giving 

 us abfokite certainty even of the moil miraculous faft, or of 

 what is contrary to imiform experience. To this, when we 

 have no pofitive reafons of miftruft or doubt, we are, by an 

 original principle of our nature (analogous to that which 

 compels our faith in memory), led to give an unlimited aflent. 

 As on memory alone is founded the merely perfonal expe- 

 rience of the individual, fo on teftimony, in concurrence with 

 memory, is founded the much more extenfive experience, 

 which is not originally our own, but derived from others. 

 See on this fubjeA Campbell's Philof. of Rhet. vol. i. book i. 

 chap. 5. and Differtation on Miracles, part i. fedt. i. and i. 

 See Faith. 



For the credibility of human teftimony, fee Certitude. 



TESTINA, in Ancient Geography, a town of Italy, be- 

 longing to the Sabines, placed by D'Anville S.W. of Ami- 

 ternum. 



TESTING, in Metallurgy, denotes the operation of re- 

 fining large quantities of gold and iilver, by means of lead, in 

 the veflel called a teJI. This operation is performed by the de- 

 ftruftion, vitrification, and fcorification of all the extraneous 

 and deftruftible metallic fubftances with which thofe noble 

 metals are alloyed. It confifts in adding to the alloyed gold 

 and filver, a certain quantity of lead, and in expofing after- 

 wards this mafs to the attion of the fire. The lead, by increaf- 

 ing the proportion of imperfeft metals, prevents them from 

 bt'ing fo well covered and protefted by the perfeft metals ; 

 bv uniting with thefe, it communicates to them a property 

 it has of lofing very eafily a great part of its inflammable 

 principle ; and laftly, by its vitrifying and fufing property, 

 which it exercifes with all its force upon the calcined and 

 naturally refractory parts of the other metals, it facilitates 

 and accelerates the fufion, the fcorification, and feparation 

 of thefe metals. The lead, which in this operation is puri- 

 fied, and fcorifies along with it the impcrfeil metals, fepa- 

 rates from the metallic mafs with which it is then incapable 

 of remaining united : it floats upon the furface of the melted 

 mafs; becaufe by lofing part of its phlogifton, (according 

 to the former language of chemifts,) it lofes alfo part of its 

 fpecific gravity, and laftly it vitrifies. The removal of the 

 vitrified matter in the procefs is procured either by the na- 

 ture of the veffel in which the melted matter is contained, 

 and which, being porous, abforbs and imbibes the fcorified 

 matter as faft as it is formed ; or by a channel cut in the 

 edge of the veflel through which the matter flows out. 



The procefs of telling is generally performed in the fame man- 

 B-=r as that of cupellation. See Assaying and Copellinc;. 



T E S 



But when groat quantities of bafe metal are to be worked 

 off from a little gold, recourfe is had to a more expeditious 

 method, tliat of telling before the bellows. An oval tcft 

 is placed in a cavity, made in a hearth of a convenient height, 

 and fome moiftened land or afties prefled round it to keep it 

 Heady : the nofc of a bellows is dircftcd along its furface, 

 in fiuh a niaiuiir, that if afties are fprinklcd in the cavity of 

 the tell, the bellows may blow them completely out • lonie 

 have an iron plate fixed before the bellows, to dii. 6t the 

 blaft downwards. To keep the furface of the teft from 

 being injured in putting in tiie metal, fome cloths or pieces 

 of paper are interpofed. The fuel confifts of billets of 

 barked oak, laid on the fides of the teft, with others laid 

 crofs-wife on tiufe : the bellows impels the flame on the 

 metal, clears the lurface of afhes or Iparks of coal, haftens 

 the fcorification of the lead, and blows ofiF the fcoria, as faft 

 as it is formed, to one end of the teft, where it runs out 

 through a notch made for that purpofe. About two-thirds 

 of the fcorified lead may be thus colkftcd ; the reft being 

 partly abforbed by the teft, and partly diflif atcd by the 

 aiilion of the bellows. Care muft be taken lot to urge the 

 blaft too ftrongly, left fome portion of the gold (hould be 

 carried away by tlie fumes impctuoufiy forced off from the 

 lead, and fome minute particles of it entangled and blown 

 off with the fcorire. Macquer's Chem. Didl. Art. Rejining. 

 Lewis's Ph. Techn. p. 146. 



TESTO, Ital. literally lejl. In Mufic it imphes a fub- 

 jedl, or words of a fong, or other vocal compofition, to which 

 fome air, melody, or harmony, is to be compofed. 



It is a matter of great concern to underftand well how to 

 appropriate or adapt the mufic to the words of a fong, to 

 exprefs the fenfe, and make a juft application of the long 

 and fhort fyllables to the notes and time with wltich they are 

 to be connefted. 



But this branch of the fcience, which depends greatly on 

 the knowledge of poetry, has lain a long time almoft unre- 

 garded ; and even at prefent, very little care is taken in this 

 point in the modern mufic, which is fomewhat wonderful, 

 fince it was to this that the ancients attributed the extra- 

 ordinary effefts of their mufic ; for by them this branch was 

 moft accurately obferved, and by this they regulated and 

 governed their meafures, fo that they might produce the 

 defired eff^efts ; and fome philofophers fay, the human 

 paffions and affeftions. Voffius dc Poem. Cantu, &c. 



TESTON, Tester, the name of a coin ftruck in France 

 by Louis XII. in 1513, and in Scotland in the time of 

 Francis II. and Mary queen of Scotland, fo called from the 

 head of the king, {lijle or fete,) which was engraved upon it. 

 The filver it contained was 1 1 deniers 18 grains ; its weight, 

 7 deniers 1 1 ' grains; and its value 10 fols. The coinage of 

 it was prohibited by Henry HI. in 1575, when the value of 

 it was augmented to 14 fols 6 deniers. Encycl. 



A remarkable Scottifli medal of this kind was that in- 

 augurative of Francis II. of France with Mary of Scotland, 

 though it is more properly indeed French, being, as it is 

 thought, ftruck upon their coronation, as being a queen of 

 that country. It prefents bufts of Francis and Mar)-, face 

 to face, with three legends around them, the outermoft of 

 which contains their titles, the middle one tliis fingular fen- 

 tence, 



" Which wonders how the devil it got there :" 



HORA NONA DOMINUS IHS EXPIRAVIT HELLI CLAMANS, a 



moft ominous motto, one would imagine, to a fuperftitious 

 ear. The innermoft legend is only the name of the city of 

 Paris. There are fine French teftoons of Francis and Mary, 

 likewife prefenting them face to face, with the arms of 



France 



