T E S 



France and Scotland upon the roverfc, as is nlfo the cafe of 

 the medal lull mentioned. Thefc pieces are fo line and rare, 

 that Dr. Hunter gave ten guineas for the one m his cabinet, 

 which contains as vaft and well-chofen a private colkaion, 

 of all forts of coins and medals, as any in the world. 



Telloons, or fliiUings, were firft coined m Scotland about 

 the vear 1553, and they bore tlie bull of the queen and the 

 arms of France and Scotland on the reverfe : they were of 

 the fame intrinfic value with thofe of England, and were 

 worth four fliillings ; the half-teRoon two, Scottifh money. 

 The (liver telloon of Mary, chiefly of 1553 or 1562, with 

 her bull, arc rare, worth about 30J. ; half ftill more rare, 

 valued at 3/. Pinkerton on Medals. 



The tefton, teftoon, or teller, among us, fucceeded the 

 groat, which was introduced by Edward III. in 1354. It 

 was alfo called (hilling, and fu-ll coined by Henry VII. in 

 1503 : and was rated at izd. in the reign of Henry VIII. 

 and afterwards reduced to 6if. The teiloon of the firft year 

 of Edward VI. is extremely rare. 



TESTOON, or Testoxe, a filver coin in Italy, and 

 alfo in Portugal. At Florence, the teftoon, or teftone, as 

 a money of account and a fiWer coin, is worth two lire, or 

 three paoU. The teftoon is a money of account at Liftjon, 

 and is valued at 100 rees. And of the gold coins ftruck 

 fince 172Z, there are the Dezefeis teftoon of 1600 rees, and 

 the Oito teftoon of 800 rees. The filver coins are teftoons 

 of 100 and halves of 50 rees. 



At Rome the fcudo, as a money of account, is divided 

 into 3^ teftoni ; and among the filver coins, the teftoni are 

 valued at 3 paoli, the paoli being worth ^^J, fterlbg nearly. 

 See Coin. 



TESTORE, Carlo Giovanni, in Biography, a violinift 

 and mufic-mafter, refident at Verfeilles in 1770. In 1767 

 he pubUfhed a treatife on mufic, entitled, " Mufica ragio- 

 nata," in 410. This author was perhaps the firft Italian 

 who adopted Rameau's principles. He fimplified his rules, 

 and made his treatife more intelligible to principianti: than 

 Rameau himfelf, or his fcientific commentator d'Alembert. 

 The full title of his book is " La Mufica ragionata efprefta 

 familiarmente in dodeci Paffeggiate a Dialogo, ornati 140 

 effempi Muficali in rami." 



TESTOURE, in Geography, a town of Africa, in the 

 country of Tunis, on the Mejerdah ; 40 miles S.W. of 

 Tunis. 



TESTUDO, in Antiquity, was particularly ufed among 

 the poets, &c. for the ancient lyre, or lyre of Amphion ; 

 becaufe it was faid to have been originally made, by its in- 

 ventor Mercury, of the back or hollow (hell of a teftudo 

 aquatica, or fea-tortoife, which he accidentally fomid on the 

 banks of the river Nile. 



Mr. Molyneux has an exprefs difcourfe, in the Philofo- 

 phical Tranlaftions, to fhew that the tortoife-ftiell was the 

 bafis of the ancient lyre, and that the whole inftrument had 

 thence the denomination teftudo ; which account throws fome 

 light on an obfcure paffage in Hotace, ode iii. lib. 4. mif- 

 taken by all the commentators : 



" O, teftudinis aureae 



Dulcem qus ftrepitum. Fieri, temperas ! 

 O mutis quoque pifcibus 



Donatura cygni, fi libeat, fonura !" 



TestudO, Tortoife, in the Military Art of the Ancients, 

 was a kind of cover, or fcreen, which the foldiers, e. gr. a 

 whole company, made themfelves of their targets, by hold- 

 ing them up over their heads, and ftanding clofe to each 

 other. 



Thus, if we fuppofe the firft rank to have ftood upright 



T E S 



on their feet, and the reft to have Hooped lower and lower 

 by degrees, till the lall rank kneeled down on their knees, 

 fo that every rank covering with their targets the heads of 

 all in the rank before them, they rcprefented a tortoife-fttell, 

 or a fort of Hoping roof. 



This expedient ferved to (helter them from darts, ftones, 

 &c. thrown upon them, efpecially thofe thrown from above 

 when they went to the aflault. It was alfo ufed in field- 

 battles as well as in fieges. 



Testudo was alfo a kind of large defenfive engine, of 

 an oval figure, compofed of boards, and wattled up at the 

 fides with wicker, which moved on feveral wheels, ferving 

 to (helter the foldiers when they approached the walls to 

 mine them, or to batter them with rams. 



Testudo, in Medicine, denotes a foft broad tumour, or 

 gathering of impure humours between the /IvuU and the Hcin, 

 called alio talpa, as refembling the fubterraneous windings 

 of the tortoife or mole. 



Testudo, Tortoife, in Zoology, a genus of animals of the 

 clafs of Amphibia and order of Reptiles ; the generic charac- 

 ters of which are, that the body is furuifhed with a tail, and 

 defended by a bony or coriaceous integument above and be- 

 low, or above by fcales ; and that the upper mandible of the 

 mouth clofes over the lower ; without diftinft or proper 

 teeth, the teeth, as they are called in the generality of tor- 

 toifes, being no other than the ferratures of the mandibles. 



Gmelin enumerates thirty-three fpecies, which are diftri- 

 buted into the three claffes of marine, Jlwuiatile, and land 

 tortoifes. 



A. Marine Tortoifes, or Turtles •with pinniform Feet, the 

 former being longer. 



The animals of this clafs are diftinguiflied from the land 

 tortoifes by their very large and long fin-fhaped feet, in 

 which are inclofed the bones of the toes, the firft and fecond 

 on each foot being furnilhed with vifible or projetling claws, 

 the others not appearing beyond the edge. The ITiield, as 

 in the land tortoifes, confifts of a ftrong bony covering, in 

 which are imbedded the ribs, and which is coated externally 

 by hard horny plates, in one or two fpecies much thicker 

 and ftronger than thofe of the land tortoifes. Mr. Schcepf, 

 cited by Dr. Shaw, obferves, that the apparent number of 

 claws or projefting extremities on the feet of the marine tor- 

 toifes, appears to be no certain criterion of the fpecies ; but, 

 on the contrary, is found to vary fo as to contradift the Lin- 

 nxan fpecific charafters. 



Species. 



CoRiACEA ; Coriaceous Tortoife. Striated lengthwife ; 

 or brown turtle, paler beneath, with coriaceous fhell, marked 

 by five longitudinal tuberculated ribs. This is the largeft of 

 the marine tortoifes, being found eight feet long, and one 

 thoufand pounds in weight. It is larger than others of its 

 tribe, and its external covering differs by not being horny, 

 but refembhng ftrong leather, marked over the furface into 

 Imall, obfcurely fubhexagonal and pentagonal divifions, with- 

 out deftroying its general fmoothnefs. The longitudinal ribs 

 or ridges are five ; and comprehending thofe that border the 

 fides, the number is feven. It has no under or thoracic (hell ; 

 the head is large, and the upper mandible notched at the 

 tip, fo as to exhibit the appearance of two large teeth, be- 

 tween which, when the mouth is clofed, is received the tip 

 of the lower mandibles ; the fins are large and long, and 

 covered with a tough leathery Ikin ; the tail is rather (liort 

 and (harp-pointed. This fpecies is a native of the Mediter- 

 ranean, and has occafionally been taken on the cr>afts both of 

 France and England. It is alfo found, not onU in the Eu-, 



ropeaa 



