THE 



decency and religion, he \vas profecuted. Being arretted in 

 Picardy, he was brought to Paris, and thrown into the dun- 

 geon that had been occupied by Ravaillac, where he re- 

 mained for two years. He was at length releafed by the 

 parliament, and fentenced to bani(hment. The duke of 

 Montmorency took him under his proteftion, and at his 

 hotel he died in 1626. His writings are partly profe and 

 partly verfe. His verfes are negligent and irregular, but 

 they difplay genius and imagination. His works coniift. of 

 odes, elegies, fonnets, &c. ; tragedies ; a dramatic dialogue 

 on the immortality of the foul, entitled " Socrate Mou- 

 rant ;" apologies for hirafelf, and letters. A coUeftion of 

 his poems and apologies was printed at Rouen in 1627, 8vo.; 

 and his fri;nd Mairet printed his French and Latin letters at 

 Paris, in 1642, with his portrait prefixed. Nouv. Didl. 

 Hift. Gen. Biog. 



THEOPHILUS, emperor of Conftantinople, was the 

 fon of Michael the Stammerer, and fucceeded his father 

 in 829. He began his reign with the exercife of jultice 

 in its utmoft rigour, heedlefs not only of the claims of 

 gratitude, but of the feelings of humanity. His father 

 had been indebted for his life and crown to the murderers 

 of his predecefTor Leo IV. Theophilus, under a pre- 

 tence of paying the debts of his father to thofe who had 

 contributed to his elevation, fummoned them, among other 

 confiderable perfons in the empire, to his prefence ; and dc- 

 firing the former to withdraw into an adjoining apartment, 

 that their claims might be examined, he ordered them, on 

 their own confeffion, to be capitally punifhed. In another 

 cafe, a poor woman threw herlelf at his feet, complaining of 

 the injury which ihe had fuftained from a powerful neigh- 

 bour (the emprefs's brother), who had raifed the wall of his 

 palace fo high, that her humble dwelling was deprived of 

 Eght and air. Theophilus gave her the palace, with the 



f round upon which it flood, and caufed the offender to be 

 ripped and fcourged in the public fquare of the city. The 

 effeft of his fingular rigour, though altogether indefenfible, 

 was, that a fcrutiny of feventeen days coud not difcover a 

 fingle crime or abufe in the court or city. 



During this emperor's whole reign he was engaged in 

 wars with the Saracens, the detail of which we fhall omit. 

 Theophilus died in 842, after a reign of more than twelve 

 years. His zeal againfl the worfhip of images has caufed 

 his charafter to be treated with great feverity, and his faults 

 to be exaggerated. Although he was inexcufably rigorous 

 in his adminiftration, he was a reformer of manners. Of 

 his fuperiority to avarice, and high ideas of the dignity of 

 the regal charafter, the following anecdote furnilhes an 

 inftance. Seeing one day a merchant-fhip, which was deeply 

 laden, entering the harbour of Conftantinople, he afked the 

 mariners to whom it belonged : they replied, " to the em- 

 prefs." " God has made me (he exclaimed) a prince, and 

 is my wife a merchant ? If princes trade, their fubjefts 

 muft ftarve :" he then ordered the vefTel to be fet on fire with 

 all her cargo. Anc. Un. Hift. Gibbon's Rom. Hift. 



Theophilus, bifhop of Antioch, was ordained to this 

 fee in i68 or 170, and governed it for twelve or thirteen 

 years. In his zeal againft herefy, he wrote againft Marcion 

 and againft Hermogenes, and he compofed other trafts, 

 fome of which are preferved. We have alfo extant three 

 books againft Autolycus, a learned heathen, in which he 

 difplays great learning, and from which it appears that he 

 had once been a heathen. Thefe works afford, as it is faid, 

 the earlieft example of the ufe of the term " Trinity," ap- 

 plied by the author to the three perfons of the Godhead. 

 Some have fuppofed that he approaches to Arianifm, when 

 4 



THE 



he alTerts that the Word may exift in place, ind that he was be- 

 gotten in time. Theophilus's books to Autolycus were pub- 

 lifhcd in Latin by Conrad Gefner at Zurich, in 1 546, and were 

 inferted in the " Orthodoxographia," Bafil, 1 555. Ttiey 

 were annexed in Gr. and Lat. to the Supplement of the 

 " Bibliotheca Patrum," 1624 ; and were printed at the end 

 of St. Juftin's Works byMorellus. Lardner. 



Theophilus, bifhop or patriarch of Alexandria, of vio- 

 lent and turbulent difpofition, was ordained to that fee in 

 385. He gained reputation and influence by his zeal in de- 

 ftroying the temple of Serapis, and other pagan temples of 

 Egypt in 389. (See Theodosius.) He was, under tlie 

 guife of a friend, a fecret enemy to John Chrj'foftom, 

 after he had been ordained to the fee of Conftantinople in 

 397. Without much real regard for religion, he was tlie 

 «ealous cliampion of orthodoxy ; and having called a coun- 

 cil at Alexandria in 399, he prevailed with the afl'embly to 

 condemn all the followers of Origen, and with the afliftance 

 of a band of foldiers, compelled them to abandon their 

 refidence on mount Nitria. The poor monks, failing to 

 find a fecure refuge, repaired to Conftantinople, to lay their 

 complaints before the emperor. The humanity of John 

 Chryfottom irritated Theophilus, who was employed by the 

 emprefs Eudoxia, for profecuting her revenge againft Chry- 

 foftom. Accordingly, he arrived at Conftantinople at the 

 head of a body of Egyptian failors and dependent bifhops, 

 avowing that he was going to depofe John. His purpofe 

 was executed at the fynod of Chalcedon in 403. (See 

 Chrysostom.) His malignity purfued this venerable pre- 

 late in his exile, by a libel filled with abufive exprefTions, 

 which was tranflated at his requeft by Jerom, from Greek 

 into Latin. Theophilus died at Alexandria in 412. The 

 moft confiderable of his works was a large treatife againft 

 Origen. Some of his epiftles are found among thofe of 

 Jerom, and fome of his canonical epiftles are contained in 

 the coUeftions of Zonaras and Balfamon. Of this prelate 

 Dupin has given the following charafter : " There is no- 

 thing in the writings of Theophilus that can turn to his 

 commendation ; they are obfcure, unintelligible, and full of 

 falfe and impertinent reafonings and refleftions. He was a 

 good politician, but a bad author. He knew better how to 

 manage a court intrigue, than to refolve a queftion in divinity 

 The only rule for his opinions was his intereft or his ambition. 

 He was ready to embrace any opinion or party that fuited 

 his purpofe, without examining whether it was juft or rea- 

 fonable." Dupin. Lardner. Gibbon. 



THEOPHRASTA, in Botany, fo called in memory 

 of the father of all natural hiftorians, Theophraftus, native 

 of Erefos in the ifle of Lefbos ; whence Plumier named 

 this genus Eresia. ( See that article. ) Linnaeus on fucli 

 occafions always preferred the appellation by which the per- 



fon intended to be celebrated was beft known Linn. 



Gen. 84. Schreb. no. Willd. Sp. PI. v. i. 824. Mart. 

 Mill. Dift. V. 4. Swartz Obf. 58. Juff. 150. Lamarck 

 Illuftr. t. 119. (Erefia; Plum. Gen, 8. t. 25.) — Clafs 

 and order, Pentandria Monogynla. Nat. Ord. Apocineis 

 ajine, Juff. 



Gen. Ch. Cal. Perianth inferior, fmall, of one leaf, in 

 five deep, obtufe, permanent fegments. Cor. of one petal, 

 bell-fhaped, fpreading, cut more than half way down into 

 five rounded equal fegments. " Neftary five fmall, ovate, 

 obtufe glands, thickeft at the point, lying upon the feg- 

 ments of the corolla." Jacq Stam. Filaments five, thread- 



(haped, united below to an internal membrane, fo as to 

 form a fhort, thick, furrowed column, crowned with a five- 

 rayed horizontal dlfk ; anthers five, of two feparate oblong 



lobes. 



