T I L 



T 1 L 



rather fmallcr than the calyx. S/am. Filamrnts four, 

 fimple, {horter than the corolla ; anthers fmall, roundifli. 

 Pijl. Gi-Tinens four ; ftylc limple ; (Hpjmas obtufc. Peric. 

 Capfules four, oblong-, pointed, reflexed, the length of the 

 calyx, burlUng longitudinally along the upper edge into 

 two valves, with one cell. Seeds two, or many more, in 

 each cell, ovate. 



Obf. T. mufcofa has the parts of fruftification ufually in 

 threes, not fours. Gsertner difcovered its flowers to be 

 fometimes even five-clcft. He juftly remarks, that fuch 

 differences of number are in this natural order of little 

 importance, and that TilLta differs from Crajfuhi in nothing 

 but the want of neftariferous fcalcs below the germens. 



Elf. Ch. Calyx in three, four, or five fegments. Petals 

 as many. Neftaries none. Capfules three, four, or five, 

 burfting inwards. Seeds feveral in eacli capfule. 



1. T. aqttaUca. Water Swedifh Tillya. Linn. Sp. PI. 

 l86. Fl. Suec. 54- Willd. n. i. Ehrh. Phytoph. n. 14. 

 Schkuhr in Uft. Annal. fafc. 12. 6. t. i. — Stem ereft. 

 Leaves linear, acute. Flowers nearly feffile.^ — Native of 

 watery places in Lulean Lapland ; as well as near Upfal^ 

 where water has ilagnatcd, in hilly fpots. Ltnn<eus. A 

 delicate, fmooth, annual plant, two or three inches high, 

 fomewhat like Montia fontana, but much more (lender, 

 growing in denfe tufts, fimple or branched. Leaves op- 

 pofite, ftalked, narrow, acute, entire, a third of an 

 inch long. Flowers either axiUary and lateral, or in the 

 forks of the ftem, folitary, fmall, white, on very fhort 

 llalks. The whole hcrl is fucculent and pellucid. 



2. T. projlrata. Proftrate German Tilla5a. Schkuhr in 

 Uft. Annal. fafc. 12. 6. Willd. n. 2. (T. aquatica ; 

 Schkuhr in Ufl. Annal. fafc. 2. 21. t. 3.) — Stem proflrate. 

 Leaves lanceolate. Flowers on fhort ftalks. — Native of moift 

 ground in Germany. Annual, differing from the foregoing 

 in having many proftrate_y?f;Hj from one root, broader leaves, 

 which are nearly cylindrical, and rather longer Jlo-wer-Jlalks . 

 Seeds eight in each eapfide. Srhkuhr. 



3. T. r.iUhwh,. Stalked French Tillsea. Willd. n. 3. 

 (Sedum minimum annuum, flore rofeo tetrapetalo ; Vaill. 

 Parif. 182. t. 10. f. 2.) — Stem ereft, much branched. 

 Leaves ovate, clafping the ftem, fhorter than the flower- 

 ftalks. — Native of France. Obferved by Vaillant, in the 

 forcft of Fontainebleau, where water has ftagnated in winter, 

 flowering from May to Auguft. Root annual, of a few 

 fmall tufted white fibres. Stem an inch or two high, re- 

 peatedly branched, fcarcely forked, purplifh. Leaves in 

 pairs crolTnig each other, very thick, pointed, gibbous 

 underneath, dark green, about two lines long. Petals four, 

 rofe-coloured, with a dark-coloured mid-rib. Seeds nume- 

 rous, black, very minute. — The broader thicker leaves, and 

 the much longer jlower-jlalks, render this very diftinft, as 

 Willdenow obferves, from T. aquatica. 



4. T. pedunctdaris. Long-ftalked Brazil Tillaea. — Stem 

 ereft. Leaves lanceolate, acute. Flower-ftalks often twice 

 the length of the leaves. Capfules abrupt. — Gathered by 

 Commerfon, in marfhy fpots that had been overflowed, at 

 Monte Video. This grows in tufts, and has very much the 

 habit of T. aquatica, for which pofTibly it may have been 

 taken. There appears neverthelefs much difference between 

 them. The whole herb, in the prefent inftance is red, and 

 the Jloivers rofe-coloured, growing on long Jlalis, which, 

 though indeed variable, are never lefs than half the length 

 of the leaves, and often twice their length. The fhape of 

 the leaves agrees with aquatica ; but the capfules when ex- 

 panded are more abrupt, and even inverfely heart-fhaped. 



5. T. mufcofa. Moffy Tillxa. Linn. Sp. PI. 186. 

 Willd. n. 8. Fl. Bnt. n. i. Engl. Bot. t. 116. Rofe's 



Elcm. ap|)end. 448. t. 2. f. 2. (T. mufcofa aiuuia per- 

 foliat.i, flore albo ; Mich. Gen. 22. t. 20. Sempcrvivum 

 omnium minimum rcpcns mufcofum, polygon! facie ; Boct. 

 Muf. 36. t. 22. Polygonum mufcofum minim?im j Bocc. 

 Sic. 56. t. 29.) 



/S. Craffnla mufcofa ; Linn. Sp. PI. 405. ' Am. Acad, 

 v. 6. 86. Willd. Sp. PI. v. I. 1557. Thunb. Prodr. 54. 

 See CuAssuLA, n. 40. (Ficoides africana annua minima 

 mufcofa; Herm. Parad. 170.) 



Stems procumbent, branched. Leaves obtufc. Flowers 



moftly three-cleft. Calyx and petals taper-pointed 



Native of fandy barren ground in the more temperate parts 

 of Europe, flowering in fummer. Abundant on fandy 

 heaths near Norwich, Bury, Brandon, &c. The variety $ 

 is brought from Africa, from Lima, and even from New 

 South Wales. We can find no difference in the dried 

 fpecimens, except their being larger than our's, with fome- 

 what of a glaucous hue, and thttjlotuers partly flalked, more 

 numerous, and all, as far as can be examined, five-cleft and 

 pent.-indrous, juft like Gartner's pl.atc of 7'. mufcofa. The 

 Britifh fpecimens of the mufcofa are from one to two inches 

 high, ftrongly tinged with a blood-red, afcending, branched, 

 with a fibrous annual root. Leaves elliptical, thick, obtufe, 

 fomewhat channelled above ; clafping their ftem at tiieir 

 bafe. Floivers moftly three-cleft, feffde ; their petals white, 

 with a taper red point, lefs than the calyx. Seeds only two 

 in each capfule. 



We fcruple to retain in this genus four other fpecies 

 admitted by Willdenow. The firft is T. capenjis, Linn. 

 Suppl. 129. Willd. n. 4 ; evidently, as Thunberg calls 

 it, a Crajfula, by its purple triangular neftaries, though, 

 on account of its fo ur-cleft _/?oit)frj, made a TdUa by Lin- 

 naeus and Willdenow. 



T. perfoliata, Linn. Suppl. 1 29. Willd. n. j ; T. um- 

 bellata, Willd. n. 6 ; and T. decumbens, Willd. n. 7 ; all 

 referred to Crajfula by Thunberg, have none of them fallen 

 under our infpeftion ; but as Willdenow avows having 

 been guided by number, we have no fcruple in removing 

 them hence. 



So alfo Crajfula mofchata, Fori^. Magell. 16; gathered 

 by that author, as well as by Commerfon, Menzies, Banks, 

 and Solander, at Staten land, is moft certainly a Crajfula, 

 becaufe of its neftaries ; though, on account of its four- 

 cleft Jloivers, it has been taken by fome great botanifts for 

 a Tillxa. 



TILLAGE, in Agriculture, the praftice of tilling or 

 cultivating land, efpecially of the arable kind, or the means 

 of bringing it into a ftate of preparation for the growth 

 of different forts of arable crops. 



Of all the arts, fays Vattel, tillage, or agriculture, is the 

 moft ufeful and neceffary. It is the nurfing-father of the 

 ftate. It forms the fureft refource and the moft folid funds 

 of riches and commerce, for people who enjoy a happy 

 climate. This objeft, therefore, deferves the utmoft atten- 

 tion of government : and it ought carefully to avoid every 

 thing capable of difcouraging the hufliandman, or of divert- 

 ing him from the labours of agriculture. Thofe taxes, 

 thofe exceftive and ill-proportioned impofitions, the burthen 

 of which falls almoft entirely on the cultivators ; and the 

 vexations they fuffer from the commilTioners who levy them, 

 take from the unhappy peafant the means of cultivating the 

 earth, and depopulate the country. Spain is the moft fer- 

 tile and the worrt cultiv.ited country in Europe. The church 

 poffeffes too much land, and the undertakers of the royal 

 magazines, who are authorized to purchafe, at a low price, 

 all the corn they find in the poffeflion of a peafant, 

 above what is neceffary for the fubfiftence of himfelf and 



his 



