T 1 L 



othfr reofon for thr former fylU-m, fpcar-grafs getting 

 i-hend i:. . !.n-r,ij quite inadmifTiblc, it is thought ; as he mull 

 c„ti, ' ith Mr. Overman, a large tillage cultivator 



in il. that no weeds, the feeds ot which are not 



cirried by tlic wind, wiU be found if. a layer, if they were 



not left there. ■ • ■ i 



1 1 is contended likewifc, that the v.iriations which have 

 taken place in the tillage crops put in upon layers, arc neither 

 great, nor are thev peculiar to ti.e above county ; the prin- 

 cipal one is tliat of taking pcafe on the fl.ig, and then the 

 wheat, and others, an admirable fyllem, which, it is faid, 

 has long been pneHfed bv good farmers in Suffolk, and, it 

 is believed, Hill earlier in Kent. That Mr. Purdis's mode 

 of fubllituting t.ires holds on the fame principle. Confider- 

 ing the very great life and value of white pea-llraw, well got, 

 as (hccp food, which is no where belter undcrftood than in 

 Kent, it is thought there is no tillage hufoandry better 

 adapted to a iheep-farm, than this ot pcafe or tares pre- 

 ceding the wheat crop. 



But it is tiiought that a very great and important change 

 has taken place in the application of tillage crops to fhecp 

 inftead of bullocks and co;vs. Formerly the farmers con- 

 fumed ijiiich of tlieir ftraw by cattle ; now the beft of them 

 have it all trod into manure. Sheep arc the main grazing 

 ftock, and no more cattle kept than for treading, not eating 

 ftraw while feeding on oil-cake and other fuch food. This 

 is, it is contended, a very important change, which has had 

 confiderable effect, and which has depended not a little on 

 the introdudlion of South Down fheep. Yet ftill, it is con- 

 ceived, that the grand object in the whole tillage fyftem, 

 is the fingular fleadinefs with which the farmers of Weft 

 Norfolk have adhered to the well-grounded antipathy to the 

 takmg of two crops of white corn in fucceffion : this is 

 talked of elfcwhere, it is faid, but no whei-e fo fteadily ad- 

 hered to as in this diftrift. It is this maxim, it is faid, 

 wliich has preferved the effeiSt of their marie on thin-flfinned 

 lands of the wheat kind in fuch a manner, that the diftrift 

 continues highly produftive, under an almoft regularly in- 

 creafing rent for more than fixty years, or three leafes of 

 twenty-one years each ; and by means of which great trafts 

 have been marh:d a fecond, and even a third time with much 

 advantage. This tillage fyftem, it is fuppofed, has been that 

 to which the title of Norfolk hufbandry has been long, and 

 1^ now peculiarly appropriated ; and by no means that of 

 the management of the very rich diftrift of Eaft Norfolk, 

 where the foil is naturally among the finefl in the kingdom, 

 and confequently where the merit of the farmer muft be of 

 an inferior ftamp ; barley there, it is faid, very generally 

 follows wheat ; an incorreft tillage hufbandry, deferving no 

 praife, but condemnation. The celebrity of the county in 

 general was not heard of, it is faid, until the vaft improve- 

 ments of heaths, wafles, fheep-walks, and warrens, by enclo- 

 fure, and marling took place in confequence of the exertions 

 of Mr. Allen, of Lyng-Houfe, lord Townfhend, and Mr. 

 Morley, who were in the firlt thirty years of the preced- 

 ing century. They were happily, it is faid, imitated by 

 many others ; an excellent fyftem of tillage management 

 introduced, and fuch improvements wrought, that eftates and 

 lands which were heretofore too infigniticaht to be known, 

 became objefts of public attention in the capital. The fame 

 of Norfolk, it is 'cmirked, gradually expanded, and the 

 h-jfoandry of the county was celebrated heforc Eaft Norfolk 

 was heard of beyond the convcrfation of Norwicli and Yar- 

 inoiith. It is, huwevsr, afferted, that without a continuance 

 T^'^ft"^?"^c^'"^^^ management and perfevering exertions, 

 \V elt Norfolk would even again become the refidence of 

 poverty and rabbits. But let the meadows be improved; 



T 1 L 



irrigation be prattifed wherever it is applicable ; the remain- 

 ing wafles cultivated ; and this diflriA will, it is maintained, 

 become a garden. Such are the utility and importance of 

 good tillage and other fy ftems in the cultivation and improve- 

 ment of land. 



In concluding, it may be ftated from the Correfted Agri- 

 cultural Report of the County of Hereford, that the im- 

 portance of the tillage farmer cannot be difputed ; and yet 

 tiiat perhaps no branch of the art of hufbandry is clogged 

 with fo many obftacles and impediments to its improvement 

 and fuccefs. The advantages of the grazing fyftem over 

 that of tillage-cultivation, hold out a great inducement to 

 the farmer to convert his tillage land into pafture, the imme- 

 diate effeft of which muft be felt in the reduced quantity 

 and increafed price of grain of every defcription. And un- 

 fortunately, this is not the only obftacle or hindrance to the 

 tillage farmer ; 1;he tax on horfes ufed in agriculture operates 

 alfo againft the proper tillage culture of the ground. It 

 was probably fuppofed, it is faid, by the framers of this 

 duty, that the number of horfes would thus be diminifhed, 

 and that of oxen increafed ; but it ftipuld be recoUefted 

 that oxen, valuable as they fometimcs are as auxiliaries, can 

 never be made the fubjlitute of horfes for tillage ; their con- 

 ftitution and habits will not admit of it ; and the fhoe vdth 

 which they are occafionally furnifhed, affords but an im- 

 perfeft protection to the foot on hard lands or ftony 

 roads. See Team. 



No check, but every encouragement, fhould certainly be 

 given to tillage, or the means of raifing and providing the 

 bread-corn for the increafing population of the country. See 

 Supply and Confumption. 



Tillage Farm, that fort of farm which is, for the moft 

 part, cultivated under the arable or tillage fyftem, or that 

 by means of the plough. See Farm. 



TILLANDSIA, in Botany, was fo named by Linnseus, 

 in memory of an early Swedifh botanift. Dr. Elias Til-lands, 

 profefTor of phyfic at Abo, who died in 1692, aged 52, 

 after having publifhed in 1683 an oftavo alphabetical cata- 

 logue, in Latin and Swedifh, of the wild, as well as culti- 

 vated, plants of the neighbourhood of his refidence. This 

 little volume was accompanied, or foon followed, by another, 

 confifting of rude, but often expreffive, wooden cuts, of 158 

 plants, mentioned in the foregoing catalogue. It is a defeft 

 in thefe cuts that they are not always original ; an inftance 

 of which occurred to the writer of the prefent article, while 

 preparing a critical difTertation on fome Britifh fpecies of 

 Hieracium, fee Tr. of Linn. Soc. v. 9. 232. The Pilofella, 

 t. 14. of Tillands proving a copy of Tabernaemontanus, 

 rendered his work of no authority in an important point ; 

 though fuch a defeft was not previoufly known, even to his 

 learned countryman the late Mr. Dryander ; and the book 

 funk immediately in his eftimation, except as a rarity. — A 

 curious reafon for the name of Tillandjia, as applied to the 

 genus of which we are about to fpeak, is given by Linnseus 

 himielf, in his Pralediones in Ordines Nat-urales Plantarum, 

 publilhed by Gifeke, p. 291. " Tillandfiis cannot bear 

 water, and therefore I have given this name to the genus, 

 from a profefTor at Abo, who in his youth having an unpro- 

 pitious pafTage from Stockholm to that place, no fooner fet 

 iiis foot on fhorc, than he vowed never again to venture him- 

 felf upon tl\e fea. He changed his original name to Til- 

 lands, which means on, or by, land; and when he had fubfe- 

 quently occafion to return to Sweden, he preferred a cir- 

 cuitous journey of 200 Swedifh miles through Lapland, to 

 avoid going eight miles by fea." This circumftance is alfo 

 alluded to in the Tour in Lapland, publilhed from the JQUl-nal 

 of Linnxus in 181 1, v. 1. 43. One of the moft invidioiis 



cenfors 



