T I L 



TIM 



as though it had been drawn through a ileel-plate, in tlie 

 fime manner as wire, and all its angles perfeftly fquare : its 

 ftjrface is of a black polifh, and as fmooth as though it had 

 been filed. All artifts ufe the fquare fteel rods for making 

 their tools; and the ilraightnefs and regularity of the rods 

 are fuch, that a perfon who has not been an eye-witnefs of the 

 operation, would fcarcely believe it poflible to produce fuch 

 accurate work from the blows of a hammer. The points to 

 be attended to by a tilter are, that in notching down the bar 

 to draw it out to length and fize, he caufes the blows to fall 

 exaftly at equal diftances from each other, unlefs (which fel- 

 dom happens) the bar fhould have any part thicker than the 

 reft ; the ftrokes muft then be a little nearer together in that 

 place, to reduce it all to one fize. Afterwards, to flatten the 

 bar, he muft be careful to place the bar truly flat upon the an- 

 vil, and hold it in the fame place, whilft he draws the bar un- 

 der the hammer, and that he moves himfclf with a perfeftly 

 equable motion, that every part of the bar may be ahke fub- 

 jefted to the aftion of the hammer ; the furface will then be 

 true, and free from undulations. Another circumftance to 

 be attended to is, when he turns the bar upon the anvil to 

 hammer the adjacent fides, that he makes them truly fquare 

 to the former fides. Thefe things muft all be done in fo Uttle 

 time, that it requires long praftice and experience to perform 

 them well. Beginners are always apt, when they place their 

 feet on the ground, to move themfelves too quick juft at that 

 time, which caufes the bar to be thicker at that place. 



The different methods of condufting the operation of 

 tilting, give the fteel different qualities, which are diftin- 

 guifhed into I. Common fteel ; 2. Shear or Newcaftle fteel, 

 alfo called German fteel ; and 3. Tilted caft fteel. 



Common Jleel is made by tilting bars of bliftcred fteel, and 

 drawing them out into rods of any fize. The bhftered bars 

 arc of various fizes, but in general about an inch and a half 

 broad by half an inch thick. If thefe are to be drawn into 

 rods half an inch fquare, they are broken into convenient 

 lengths to handle, and one end of each piece is heated to a 

 good welding heat by the boy who attends the forge, who 

 puts three or four m the fire together, and, according to 

 their fize, he learns by experience at what time he muft put 

 every one into the fire, that it may acquire the proper degree 

 of heat by the time that the tilter fhall have juft finifhed the 

 other bars. 



The tilter firft begins by notching down the narrow 

 edge of the bar, holding the other end of it in his hand, 

 and notches down fuch a length of it as experience teaches 

 him will be fufficient to form a rod of the length and fize re- 

 quired. The notching on the edge of the bar rather increafes 

 its thicknefs, while it diminifhes its breadth, and brings it 

 nearly to the fquare figure of a rod : he then flattens it, and 

 begins again to notch it down upon the broad fide ; after- 

 wards he again flattens it ; then proceeds to notch it upon the 

 edge, and afterwards to flatten it once or twice on both 

 fides, and the rod is tinifhed. 



When a fkilful tilter has been forae hours at work upon 

 rods of one fize, he judges by fight when the rod is of the 

 proper fize ; but on firft beginning, he tries it by a gauge, 

 and flattens it repeatedly, if necelfary, the boy bringing a 

 piece of hot fteel to place under the hammer while he is 

 gauging, and which is drawn out in its turn. When the 

 tilting is completely finifhed, the fteel rod is taken away by 

 another boy, who, with a pair of (hears, cuts off the rod 

 from the bliftered bar from which it was drawn out. He 

 places the rod on a flat caft-iron table, and fets it truly 

 ftraight by a hammer, then ftanips the bar with a mark of 

 the quality of the fteel, and it is finifhed. 



All thefe operations are performed in fo fhort a time, that 



the rod ftill retains a red heat ; but this will excite lefs fur- 

 prize when it is confidered that the hammer ftrikes four 

 hundred blows /ifr minute, and falls with great weight, fo 

 that it foon completes the work, and it is very probable that 

 the great percuffion it exerts upon the fteel in feme meafure 

 preferves the heat. It is well known that blackfmiths are in 

 the conftant habit of lighting a match to kindle their fire, 

 by only hammering a fmall piece of iron quickly, and turn- 

 ing it about under the hammer, and in a fliort time it acquirer 

 fufficient heat to inflame the fulphur of the match. This heat 

 moft probably arifes from the friftion which the hammer 

 caufes amongft the particles of the iron, by rubbing them vio- 

 lently againft one another ; and the fmiths obferve, that the 

 iron will not become red-hot if it is always ftruck upon 

 the fame fide ; but it muft be turned round, that a new fur- 

 face may be continually expofed to the aftion of the 

 hammer. 



Shearjleelh fo called, becaufe the fhears for dreffing woollen 

 cloth are made of it. It is alfo called Newcaftle fteel, be- 

 caufe formerly made there ; and German fteel, becaufe the 

 natural fteel in Germany is treated in the fame way ; it is 

 likewife c^iXLtdfaggotted Jleel. To make fhcar fteel, the bars 

 of bliftered fteel are broken into lengths of about eighteen 

 inches ; then four or more of thefe are laid together with one 

 of double the length, and all four are tied together witli 

 pieces of fmall fteel : this is called a faggot, and is placed in 

 the forge, to be heated to a good welding heat ; it is then 

 taken to the tilt, and notched down on both fides, to weld 

 all the bars together, and clofe up the internal flaws. The 

 workman holds the faggot by the end of the long bar as a 

 handle : the operation of welding takes but a few feconds, 

 and a fmall rod is then drawn out from a piece of the end, in 

 the fame manner as drawing out common fteel. 



Cajl Jleel is prepared by melting fragments of bliftered 

 fteel, and cafting them into an ingot. (See Steel.) The 

 ingot is then drawn out under the tilt into the required fize, 

 and the manner of doing this is the fame as for common 

 fteel. 



It is the cuftom of the manufafturers of cutlery and fteel 



foods to purchafe fteel from the converting furnaces in the 

 ate of bliftered bars, which they fend to the tilt-mills to be 

 drawn out to the fize they require for their ufe : this is done 

 at regular prices. In tilting fteel, a trifling lofs is fuftained 

 by the metal oxydating upon the furface, and throwing off 

 black fcales. The manufadlurers are in the habit of allow- 

 ing 4.6 to 8 lbs. per hundred weight for fuch lofs : this la- 

 titude is given, becaufe in drawing the bars out into rods of 

 a fmall fize, the wafte muft necelTarily be greater ; the metal 

 being much longer expofed to oxydation, and the furface 

 throwing off more fcales. 



TILUTHA, in ytneieni Geography, an ifland of Afia, 

 in the Euphrates, about 33° 55' lat. 



TILWARAH, in Geography, a town of Hindooftan, 

 in Gurry Mundella ; 5 miles S. of Gurrali. 



TIM, a town of Ruflla, in the government of Kurfk ; 

 44 miles E. of Kurfk. N. lat. 51° 40'. E. long. 37° 34'. 



TIMA, Thima, Taima, Alablao, or Al Ahlak, a town 

 of Arabia, in the province of Nedsjed ; 180 miles N.N.E. 

 of Medina. 



TIMACUM, in Ancient Geography, a town placed by 

 Ptolemy in Upper Mcefia, at a diftance from the Danube. 



TIM.£A, a town of Afia, in the interior of Bithynia. 

 Ptol. 



TIMiEUS, the Locr'ian, in Biography, was a philofo- 



pher of the Italic fchool, and flourilhed in the time of 



Plato, who derived from him principaUy the doftrine of 



Pythagoras, and v/hofe hook, entitled " TimEus," was 



4 P 2 founded 



