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fauiuled on his book " On the Naturo of Things." Fro- 

 rlus prefervcd a fmiU trcjtifo ot" Timaeus " On the Soul of 

 the World,'" and it is prefixed to foine editions of Plato's 

 Timcus. In this trcatife, chiefly Pythagorean, he differs 

 from Pythagoras in the following particulars : viz. that, 

 inftead of one whole, or monad, he fuppofcs two inde- 

 pendent caufes of nature, God and Mind, the fource of 

 intelligent nature, and Neceflity or Matter, the original of 

 bodies ; and that he explains the caufe of the formation of 

 the <(rorld, from the external aftion of God upon matter, 

 after the pattern or ideas exifting in his own mind. Upon 

 a comparifon of this piece with Plato's Timaeus, it will be 

 found that the Athenian philofophcr has obfcurcd the 

 fimple doftrine of the Locrian with fancies drawn from his 

 own imagination, or from the Egyptian fchools. 



In the time of Ptolemy Philadelphus there was a Sicilian, 

 named Timseus, who was a celebrated hiftorian ; but none 

 of his writings are extant. He died at the age of 96, 

 B.C. 262. Brucker by Enfield, vol. i. 



TIMAGENUS, in Ancient Geography, an ifland in the 

 Arabic gulf. Ptol. 



TIMANA, in Geography, a town of South America, 

 in the provmce of Popayan ; 80 miles E. of Popayan. N. 

 lat. 2'' 12. E. long. 74^46'. 



TIMANTHES, in Biography, a famous Grecian painter, 

 was, as it is faid, a native of Cythnos, one of the iflands 

 called Cyclades, or of Sicyon, and flouriflied about the 

 year B.C. 400. The mind of this artift is fuppofed to 

 have furpaffed his art, in the cxercife of which he difplayed 

 great (kill, fo that in his performances, fomething was to 

 be underftood, which he did not exprefs. As an inftance 

 of this, we are referred to his picture of Iphigenia about to 

 be facrificed, in which, having exhaufted every variety of 

 the expreffion of grief in the other fpeiftators, he has 

 thrown a veil over the face of her father, thus intimating 

 that his anguifh furpaffed all external tokens. In his 

 Sleeping Cyclops, exhibited in a fmall tablet, he has intro- 

 duced Satyrs meafuring his thumb with a thyrfus, in order 

 to give an idea of the magnitude of the principal figure. 

 At Samos he was a competitor with the famous Parrhafius 

 in 3 piece, of which the fubjeft was the judgment for the 

 arras of Achilles, between Ajax and Ulyfres ; on this oc- 

 cafion the prize was awarded to Timanthes. In the temple 

 of Peace at Rome a hero of admirable workmanfhip by the 

 fame artift was preferved, Pliny Nat. Hift. 



TIMAR, a traft or portion of land, which the grand 

 figr.ior grants to a pcrfon on condition of ferving him in war, 

 on horfeback. 



Some define the timar a portion of land afRgned to a 

 fpalii, or other perfon fit to ferve on horfeback, to enjoy, 

 during life, for iii- fubfiftence. 



Mcnin&i defcribes it as a ftipend or revenue, granted to 

 old foldiers who hrve deferved well, in lands, and poffeflions 

 of caftlcs, towns, vi'ljges, fields, or in tithes, and other 

 fnats and incomes ; fometimes with the prefecture, jurif- 

 di£lioii, or Cgnor-- jf the faid places. 



The timar is a kind "f ilef granted for life. The whole 

 Ottoman empire is divided into fangiackies, or bannerics, 

 under which all fucii a„ hold timars, who are called tima- 

 riof, are bound 'o li.1 ihcrafclves when fummoned upon 

 any expedition. Timars may be rcfigned as benefices 

 among u?, only obtaining the confent jf the beglerbey, or 

 governor of tl.e province, indeed, for timars of above 

 2000 afpers per cnnum, calld zaim, the grand vizier alone 

 grants difpenfdtions. 



TIMARIOTS, thofe who enjoy lands on the footing 

 and tenure of timars. See Timar. 



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The timariots are obliged to ferve in war, perfonally, 

 with as many men and horfes for fcrvice as their timar, by 

 the eftimate made of it, contains 2500 afpers, or about 6/. 

 fterling ; and to maintain them conftantly mounted and 

 armed after their manner, to be ready to march at all 

 hours when coramandod, and that on pain of death ; no- 

 thing, not even ficknefs itfelf, being allowed to excufe 

 them. 



Befidcs this fervice, they likewife pay an acknowledg- 

 ment of one-tenth of their revenue. If they have any 

 children of age to bear arms, and fit for the fervice after 

 their deceafe, or, in defeft of this, if they have any rela- 

 tions that have the leaft intereft, the timar is ufed to be con- 

 tinued to them on the fame conditions, otherwife it is tranf- 

 ferred to others. 



If the revenue thus held of the grand fignior exceed 

 1 5,000 afpers, or 36/. fterling, they who hold it are not 

 called ;/mfl//o/j', h\it fubajfi, or zaims : thefe always have the 

 adminiftration of juftice in the place, under the fangiac of 

 the province. 



The timariots have different appointments, from 4000 

 or 5000 afpers, equal to about 12/. fterling, to zo,ooo 

 afpers : but unlefs their timar exceed 8000 afpers, they are 

 never obliged to march, except when the grand fignior 

 goes to the army in perfon, on which occauon none are 

 exempted. 



The origin of the timariots is referred to the firft fultans, 

 who, being mafters of the fiefs or lands of the empire, 

 erefted them into baronies or commanderies, to reward the 

 fervices of their braveft foldiers ; and efpecially to raife and 

 keep on foot a number of troops without diftjurfing any 

 money. 



But it was Solyman II. that firft eftablifhed the order and 

 difcipline among thefe barons, or knights of the empire ; 

 and by his order it was, that the number of horfemen each 

 ftiould maintain was regulated. 



This body has heretofore been not only exceedingly 

 powerful, but great and iUuftrious throughout all the em- 

 pire ; but avarice, the ordinary fault of the Orientals, has 

 occafioned their declenfion of late years. 



The viceroys and governors of provinces manage their 

 matters fo at court, that timars, even out of their jurif- 

 diftion, are gi^en to their domeftics, or to fuch as will give 

 them the moft money for them. 



There are two kinds of timariots, the one appointed by 

 the Porte, the other by the viceroy of the country ; but 

 the revenues of both are lefs than thofe of the zaims, and 

 their equipage and tents lefs in proportion. 



Thofe who have their patents from the court, have from 

 5000 or 6000 afpers to 1 9,999 afpers per annum ; if they 

 have one afper more, they become zaims. Thofe who re- 

 ceive their patents from the viceroys, have from 3000 to 

 60CO afpers per annum. 



This cavalry is better difciplined than that properly 

 called the fpahis, though the fpahis be the neateft and 

 briflieft. Thefe laft only fight in platoons ; whereas the 

 zaims and timariots are divided into regiments, and com- 

 manded by colonels, under the direftion of balhaws. The 

 baftiaw of Aleppo, when in the army, is colonel-general of 

 this militia. 



TIMARISTAN, in Geography, a town of Perfia, in the 

 province of Farfiftan ; 15 miles E. of Pafa. 



TIMAVO, a river of Carniola, which runs into the gulf 

 of Triefte, near Duino. 



TIMAVUS, in Ancient Geography, a fountain, lake, 

 river, and port of Venetia. '■ 



TIMBANG, in Commerce, ameafure at Batavia for rice, 



pepper. 



