T I M 



m.le5 in leugth, and 33 .n breadth. The Portuguefe w.rc 

 tlic Hrft Europeans who formed any kind of fettlement on 

 ih.5 ifland, who fled to it as a place of refuge from their 

 enemies, the Dutch. But they were purfued by thofe im- 

 placable enemies, and in the year .613 driven from Cupan, 

 ur Coupan.', a town fituatcd at the weft end of the illand, 

 where the Dutch have ever fince polTelTcd and garrifoned a 

 fort which the Portuguefe had erefted. The chief of tlie 

 natives, or king of the illand, is by the Dutch called key- 

 fer (emperor). Some Portuguefe relide in the north part of 

 the ifiand. The principal produftions are fanders or faudal 

 wood aud wax, which the Dutch receive in exchange for 

 coarfe linens or piece-goods ; but on tlie whole, the profit 

 arifing from the commerce is little more than fufficicnt to 

 defray the expences, and the fettlement in all probability is 

 continued merely to keep out other nations. S. lat. 7° 16' 

 to 10'^ 24'. E. long. 124° to I26''2l'. 



Timor Laul, or Laoet, Cgnifying in the Malacca language 

 f,a, an ifland in the Eaft Indian fea, about 60 miles in cir- 

 cumference. S. lat. 7" 25'. E. long. 132° i6'. 



TIMOROSO, in the Italian Mufic, intimates that the 

 fong is to be played or fung in fuch a manner as to exprefs 

 an awe or dread, either to fhew refpcft, or to reprefent 

 fear. 



TIMOROUS, in the Manege. See Starting, Skit- 

 tish, &c. 



TIMOTEO DA Urbin-o, in Biography, vi\io{q real name 

 was T. della Vite, was born at Urbino in 1470. He re- 

 ceived his education as an artill under F. Francia, at Bo- 

 logna, but at the age of twenty-fix returned to his native 

 city, whence he foon after went to Rome to fee his country- 

 man, Raphael, and the great works in the Vatican which 

 had recently acquired for him fo much renown. Raphael 

 employed him in painting the Sibyls in the church of La 

 Pace, and was fatislied of his ability in the performance : fo 

 much fo, that he allowed him to retain the Cartoons. After 

 this he returned to Urbino, and there executed feveral great 

 works for the cathedral and other public buildings. He 

 improved his ftyle, as it was natural he fliould, under the 

 tuition of his great maft.er : and his latter produftions ex- 

 hibit much grace and vigour in their execution. His moft 

 efteemed works arc, the Conception, in the church of the 

 OfTervanti, at Urbino ; and Chrift appearing to Mary Mag- 

 dalen, in S. Angeli, at Cagli. He died m 1524, aged 

 fifty -four. 



TIMOTHEUS, one of the moft celebrated poet-mufi- 

 cians of antiquity, was born at Miletus, an Ionian city of 

 Caria, 246 B.C. He was contemporary with Philip of 

 Macedon, and not only excelled in lyric and dithyram- 

 bic poetry, but in his performance upon the cithara. 

 According to Paufanias, he perfefted that inftrument 

 by the addition of four new ftrings to the feven which it 

 had before ; though Suidas fays it had nine before, and that 

 Timotheus only added two, the tenth and eleventh, to that 

 number. 



It feems neceffary here to ftate the feveral claims made in 

 favour of different perfons who have been faid to have ex- 

 tended the limits of the Greek mufical fcale. 



Many ancient and rcfpeftable writers tell us, that before 

 the time of Tcrpandcr, the Grecian lyre had only four 

 ftrings ; and, if we may beheve Suidas, it remained in this 

 ftate 856 years, from the time of Amphion, till Terpander 

 added to it three new ftrings, which extended the mufical 

 fcale to a heptachord, or feventh, and fupplied the player 

 with two conjoint ictracbords. 



It was about 150 years after this period, that Pythagoras 

 u laid to have added an eighth ftring to the lyre, in order 



TIM 



to complete t^e odave, wluch confifted of iiuo ditjiincf 

 tetrachords. 



Thefe dates of the feveral additions to the fcale, at fuch 

 diftant periods, though perhaps not exaft, may, however, 

 if near the trflth, Ihew the flow progrefs of human know- 

 ledge, and the contented ignorance of barbarous times. 

 But if we wonder at the mufic of Greece remaining fo many 

 ages in this circumfcribed ftate, it may be aflvcd, why that 

 of China and Perfia is not better now, though the-inhabit- 

 ants of thofe countries have long been civilized, and accuf- 

 tomed to luxuries and refinements. 



Boiithius gives a different hillory of the fcale, and tells us 

 that the fyftem did not long remain in fuch narrow limits as 

 a tetrachord. Chorsbus, the fon of Athis, or Atys, king 

 of Lydia, added a fifth ftring, Hyagnis a fixth, Terpander 

 a feventh, and, at length, I.ychaon of Samos, an eighth. 

 But all thcfe accounts arc irreconcileable with Homer's 

 Hymn to Mercury, where the ehelys, or teftudo, the in- 

 vention of which he afcribcs to that god, is faid to have had 

 feven ftrino-s. There are many cliiimants among the mufi- 

 cians of ancient Greece, to the ftrings that were afterwards 

 added to thefe, by which the fcale, in the time of Ariftoxe- 

 nus, was extended to two oftjives. Athenasus, more than 

 once, fpeaks of the nine-Jlringed inftrument ; and Ion of 

 Chios, a tragic and lyric poet and philofopher, who firfl: re- 

 cited his pieces in the 82d Olympiad, 452 B.C. mentions, 

 in fome verfes quoted by Euclid,, the /cn^rin^tv/ lyre ; a 

 proof that the third conjoint tetrachord was added to the 

 fcale in his time, which was about fifty years after Pytha- 

 goras is fuppofed to have conftrufted the oftachord. 



The different claimants among the Greeks to the fame 

 mufical difcoveries, only prove that mufic was cultivated in 

 differeirt countries ; and that the inhabitants of each coun- 

 try invented and improved their own inftruments, fome of 

 which happening to refemble thofe of other parts of Greece, 

 rendered it difficult for hiftorians to avoid attributing the 

 fame invention to different perfons. Thus the fingle flute 

 was given to Minerva, and to Marfyas ; the fyrinx, or 

 fiftula, to Pan, and to Cybele ; and the lyre, or cithara, to 

 Mercury, Apollo, Amphion, Linus, and Orpheus. In- 

 deed, the mere addition of a ftring or two to an inftrument 

 without a neck, was fo obvious and eafy, that it is fcarcely 

 poflible not to conceive many people to have done it at the 

 fame time. 



With refpeft to the number of ftrings on the lyre of 

 Timotheus, the account of Paufanias and Suidas is confirmed 

 in the famous decree againft him, for which fee Senatus- 



CONSULTUM. . 



It appears from Suidas, that the poetical and mufical 

 compofitions of Timotheus were very numerous, and of va- 

 rious kinds. He attributes to him nineteen nomes, or canti- 

 cles, in hexameters ; . thirty-fix proems, or preludes ; 

 eighteen dithyrambics ; twenty-one hymns ; the poem in 

 praife of Diana ; one panegyric ; three tragedies, the Per- 

 iians, Phinidas, and Laertes ; to which muft be added a 

 fourth, mentioned by feveral ancient authors, called " Niobe," 

 without forgetting the poem on " The Birth of Bacchus." 

 Stephen of Byzantium makes him author of eighteen books 

 of nomes, or airs, for the cithara, to eight thoufand verfes, 

 and of a thoufand n^ooi/zia, or preludes, for the nomes 

 of the flute. 



A mufician fo long eminent as Timotheus, muft have ex- 

 cited great defire in young ftudeuts to become his pupils ; 

 but, according to Bartholinus, he ufed to exaft a double 

 price from all fuch as had previoufly received ififtruftions from 

 any other mafter ; faying, that he would rather inftruft thofe 

 who knew nothing, for half price, than have the trouble of 



unteaching 



