T I M 



m*riti of this grafs wiU, it is fuppofed, appear to be ve.7 

 •' ' • - - ij-.i .».„ abunJaiicc oj tine 



'.'hich 



great ; to which may be added the 

 foliage which it atfords early in the fpnng 

 rcfped it is inferior, it is faid, to x.\\c fertile meadow-grafs and 

 narroio-Uavid mradow-grafs only. The value of the ftraws 

 at the time the feed ia ripe, exceeds that of the grafs at the 

 lime of flowering, .19 iS to 10; a circumftance which in- 

 creafej its value, it is thought, above many others : for, by 

 this propmy, its valuable early foliage may be cropped, to 

 an advanced pi-riod of the feafon, without injury to the crop 

 of hay, wliich, in other graffes that fend forth their flower- 

 ing ftraws early in the feafon, would caufe a lofs of nearly 

 one-half of the value of the crop, as is clearly (hewn in 

 many inllancts ; and this property of the ftraws too, makes 

 the plant p.-culiarly valuable for the purpofe of hay. 



In the fn»a!lcr variety of this grafs, the produce /fr acre 

 on the fame iort of land, at the time ef ripening the feed j 

 the weight when dry ; the lofs of weight in drying 5 and 

 the nutritive matter afforded, arc all ver^- confiderably Icfs 

 than in the above fort. In the latter-math produce on the 

 fame fpacc, the quantity is the fame as in that, but the 

 nutritive matter afforded by it fomething lefs, as may be 

 feen in thi- work referred to above. 



In the bulbous-ilalked fpecies, the produce of the acre 

 in the fame kind of land, at the time of flowering ; the 

 weight when dry ; that loft by the produce of the fame 

 fpacc in drying j and the quantity of nutritive matter 

 afforded by it, are all ftated in the fame work to be greatly 

 lefs than in the firft kind. And that this grafs is inferior 

 in many rcfpcftfi to that of the firft fort. That it is 

 fparingly found in meadows. And that from the number 

 of bulbs which grow out of the ftraws, a greater proportion 

 of nutritive matter might have been expected. This feeras 

 to prove, it is faid, that thefe bulbs, in this fort of grafs, do 

 not form fo valuable a part of the plant as the joints, which 

 are fo conlpicuous in the firft fort, the nutritive powers of 

 which exceed thofe of this bulbous-ltalked fort, as 8 

 to 2S. 



The qualities and ufeful properties of timothy grafs are 

 thus weU pointed out and determined. See Phleum and 

 Grass. 



TIMOU, in Geography, a town of Thibet ; 225 miles 

 E.S.E. of Laffa. 



TIMOU R, or TA^tEnLA^'K, in Biography, a famous 

 Oriental conqueror, was born at the village of Sebzar, in the 

 territory of Cafli, 40 miles S. of Samarcand, in the year 

 1336. At the time of his birth, the Khans of Cafhgar, 

 with an army of Getae or Kalmucks, invaded Tranfoxiana. 

 In 1357, Timour, having lately loft his father, coUedted a 

 number of followers with a view of delivering his country ; 

 but being dcfcrted by them, he retreated to the defert, and 

 his army was there farther diminifhed by an adtion with the 

 Getx. He then wandered with his wife and feven com- 

 panions, and being arrefted, was kept two months in 

 prifon. Upon his liberation he fwam over the rapid ftream 

 of Oxus or Jilion, and for fome months led the life of a 

 vagrant. - In proccfs of time, and on return to his native 

 country, he was at the head of a confiderable force, which 

 enabled him to expel the Getae from Tranfoxiana. After 

 a civil war between him and his brother-in-law, the Emir 

 HoufTein, who was defeated and put to death, Timour, at 

 a general diet held in 1370, was feated on the throne of 

 Zagatai, at the city of Balk, and inverted witli the high 

 title of Saheb Karan, or emperor of the Age ; upon which he 

 repaired to Samarcand, which became the feat of his empire. 

 In confequence of this elevation, his ambition was direfted 

 to greater objefts ; and h.iving reunited to Zagatai its 



T 1 M 



former dependencies, Karizme and Kandaliav, he fixed his 

 views on the kingdoms of Iran or Perfia, which were then 

 occupied by various ufurpers. Having reduced to fub- 

 mifTion Ibrahim, the prince of Sherwan, and fecured tli 

 conqueft of Ears or Perfia proper, by the defeat and dpatli oi 

 Shah Manfour, its prince, and the extirpation of his male 

 progeny, he advanced from Shiraz to the Perfian gulf, and 

 exaded from the rich city of Onnuz an annual tribute.. 

 He then proceeded as a conqueror through the whole courfe 

 of the Tigris and Euphrates from their fources to their 

 mouths, entered Edeffa, and reduced the Chriftiaus in the 

 mountains of Georgia. Retaliating upon the Getie the in- 

 vafion of his country, he pafTed the Sihon, and fubdued the 

 kingdom of Cafhgar. In his feveral expeditions he pene- 

 trated as far as 480 leagues to the N.E. of Samarcand, and 

 his emirs crolTed the Irtifch into Siberia, another fcene of 

 his adventures and conquefts near Kipzak or Weftern 

 Tartary. Having entertained at his court Tottamifh, a 

 fugitive prince of that country, he fent him back with au 

 army which eftablidied him in the Mogul empire of the 

 North. Toftamifti, however, after a reign of ten years, 

 unmindful of his obligations to his benefadtor, entered Perfia 

 with a mighty army, pafied the Sihon, burnt the palaces of 

 Timour, and reduced him to the neceffity of contending for 

 his capital and empire. But his triumph was of no long 

 duration ; for Toftamifh was defeated, Kipzak was invaded, 

 and Todtamifh was again encountered and routed. This 

 purfuit led Timour to the tributary provinces of Ruffia, 

 and a duke of the reigning family was made captive on the 

 ruins of Yeletz, his capital. Timour then marched fouth- 

 wards, and having pillaged, reduced to aihes the commercial 

 city of Azoph, and alfo thofe of Serai and Aftrachan. 

 Under the influence of that ambition which was his ruling 

 principle, he determined, in 1398, on the invafiou of Hin- 

 dooftan, and taking advantage of the reljellion againfl the 

 weak Sultan Mahmood, he Ted an army of 92 fquadrons, 

 each of 1000 horfe, and found great difficulty in traverfing 

 one of the fnowy ridges between the Jihon and the Indus. 

 Having croffed the Indus at Attock, he entered the Panjab, 

 and formed a junction with one of his grandfons, who had 

 reduced Moukan. He then advanced towards Dehli, and 

 having overthrown the army of Mahmood with its elephants, 

 took poffefrion of the capital, which he defolated by pillage 

 and maffacre. In this part of his march he manifefted his 

 religious zeal, by deftroying infidels and idolaters without 

 mercy, and having palTed the Ganges about 100 miles N.E. 

 of Dehli, he flaughtered a great number of the Guebres, or 

 fire-worfhippers. Whilft he was thus engaged, he received 

 intelHgence of the diftiu-bances that had occurred on the 

 confines of Georgia and Anatolia, of the revolt of the Chrif- 

 tiaus, and of the ambitious projects of the Turkifh fultan 

 Bajazet. Having iffued orders to his commanders, he 

 haftened back to Samarcand ; and after a fhort interval of 

 repofe, he proclaimed a feven years' expedition to the 

 weftern p.irts of Afia. In the year 1400 he began with the 

 Georgian Chriftians, and foon reduced them to the alter- 

 native of tribute or the Koran, and to prifoners he allowed 

 no other choice but death or abjuring their religion. Re- 

 turning from this warfare, he gave audience to the ambaf- 

 fadors of Bajazet, and after fome time fpent in mutual com- 

 plaints and menaces, Timour laid fiege to Siwas or Sebafte, 

 on the borders of Anatolia, which he took and deftroyed, 

 burying alive with favage cruelty the Armenian garrifon of 

 4000 men. He then invaded Syria, and advanced towards 

 Aleppo, from which iffued a numerous and well-appointed 

 force to engage his army, the front of which was covered by 

 a line'of Indian elephants, carrying turrets filled with archers 



and 



