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which runs into th« Wabafh, N. lat. 40" 18'. W. long. 

 S6' 56'. 



TIPPAI,, a river of Englaud, in Northumberland, which 

 runs into the Tyne, near Haltwhiftle. 



TIPPERARY, a county in the province of Munfter, 

 Ireland, extending in a very irregular form between the 

 King's aiid Queen's counties on the north, the latter county 

 and that of Kilkenny on tlie eail, the counties of Waterford 

 and Cork on the fouth, and thofe of Limerick, Clare, and 

 Galway on the weft. From the two latter counties, the 

 river Sliannon forms a natural boundary ; as the river Suir 

 docs from Waterford for about 15 miles on the fouth. The 

 length from north to fouth is 52 Irifli (or Y^i Englilh ) miles, 

 and its breadth 31 Irifli (or 39! Englilh) miles. It con- 

 tains 5J4,950 acres, or 867 fquare Iridi miles, equal to 

 882,398 acres, or 1420 fquare Englifli miles, including 

 bogs, mountain, and waftc. There are twelve baronies, two 

 of which, Upper and Lower Orniond, gave the title of 

 duke, as they now do that of earl, to the family of Boteler, 

 or Butler, fo diftinguidied in Iri(h hiilory. The popula- 

 tion of Ireland not having yet been fatisfadiorily afccrtained, 

 little can be faid on the fubjeft. Dr. Beaufort rtttted the 

 number of houfes in 1792, at 30,705; and from the means 

 of information he had, and his ufual accuracy, there can be 

 little doubt of his corrcftnefs : but from the great increafe 

 of tillage fmce that time, the number of houfes mull have 

 increafcd, though Tipperary has liad more caufes to retard 

 this increafe than any other county in Ireland : 30,703 

 hcmfes, at an average of 5, fouls per houfe, would be 

 about 1 69,000 ; but if, according to Mr. Bufhe's opinion, 

 as given in the Tranfadlions of the Irifh Academy, we take 

 64 as the average, it would exoeed 190,000, a very fmall 

 population for fuch an extent of ground. The number of 

 pariflies is 187, which, when Dr. Beaufcrt wrote, were com- 

 prifed in 63 benefices, and had only 46 churches. A number 

 of churches have however been fince built, as well as feveral 

 glebe-houfes, and fome benefices have been divided ; to which 

 the exertions of the prefent archbifhop of Cafhel ( Brodrick ) 

 have greatly contributed. Unions of parifhes which were 

 formed, when from the ftate of the country the income of a 

 parifli was very fmall, and the number of inhabitants very 

 few, are now as unnecelTary as they are injurious. The 

 archbifliopric of Cafliel, and bifliopric of Emly, which are 

 united, contain 116 pariflies, Waterford 32, and Kil- 

 laloe 41. Tipperary returns four members to the imperial 

 parliament, two knights of the fliire, and two for the 

 boroughs of Clonmell and Caftiel. This redutlion was lefs 

 than in moft other counties, as Tipperary had only three 

 boroughs before the Union, of which Featherd was dif- 

 franchifed. Though the towns reprefented are confider- 

 able ones, efpecially Clonmell, yet the boroughs are both 

 what are called clofe ones, the proprietors in faft exercifing 

 an undifputed right of chufing the member. The lands of 

 Tipperary have been always ranked amongft the moft pro- 

 ductive in Ireland, and one traft in particular, including the 

 iicighbourhoods of Tipperary and Cafliel, has been called 

 the GnJden vale, on account of its extraordinary fertihty. 

 It has however been always a great grazing country ; and 

 as this fyftem drives the peafantry into barren mountains, or 

 forces them to crowd into towns and villages, that they may 

 procure a precarious and wretched fubfiftence, they too 

 commonly become turbulent, violent, and difcontented. 

 Whether this be the caufe or not, fuch is certainly the cha- 

 rafter of the peafantry of this county, who have been en- 

 gaged in every difturbance, and who are now groaning under 

 an infurreAion aft, attended with enormous cxpence, which 

 the ufual parliamentary opponents of governnient could not 



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objeft to, and which, though there is an apparent calm, it 

 would be yet unfafe to repeal. The increafe of tillage 

 would operate favourably, but the exemption of grazing 

 land from every kind of tithe, operates as an encourage- 

 ment to it, which the prefent ftate of the market for grain 

 is not likely to counteraft. Whilft, however, Tipperary 

 contains a confiderable portion of very fertile land, it has 

 alfo extenfive trafts of bog and mountain. Of the former, 

 the moft extenfive is a traft lying in the north-eaft of the 

 county, between the towns of Rofcrea, Templemore, Ur- 

 lingford, Littleton, and New Birmingham, and forming a 

 part of the Great Bog of Allen. This was furveyed by 

 Mr. Ather, of Caftle-comer, under the direftions of the 

 commifBoners for enquiring into the nature, extent, &c. of 

 the bogs of Ireland ; and from his report it would appear, 

 that about 36,000 acres, moftly in this county, might be 

 eafily reclaimed, and at a moderate expence, on account of 

 the favourable fituation for draining, and the abundance of 

 limeftone gravel, of which the diftrift is principally com- 

 pofed, and vt'hich is the beft material for reclaiming them. 

 To the fouth of this range of bog, and fituated between the 

 fmall town of Killenaule and the county of Kilkenny, is the 

 coal diftrift. It refembles wliat has been called the Leinfter 

 coal diftrift in the very able geological and mining report 

 lately given of that diftrift by Richard Griffith, efq. 

 mining engineer to the Dublin Society. It feems indeed to 

 be only a continuation of that diftrift, and is feparated from 

 it by a fecondary limeftone country. The fpecies of coal 

 is the carbonaceous or ftone-coal, better known by the name 

 of Kilkenny coal. To the fouth of this, and in the fouth- 

 eaftern angle of the county, is Shebh-na-man mountain. 

 On the borders of the county of Waterford, over the town 

 of Cloghen, are the Knockmele-down mountains, which ■ 

 occupy a confiderable fpace in both counties. Nearly 

 parallel to thefe, and north of them, are the lofty Galtecs, 

 extending ffom the borders of Cork and Limerick to the 

 town of Cahier. Between thefe and the town of Tippe- 

 rary is the lower range, called Sliebh-na-muck ; but the 

 greateft extent of mountain croflijs the county from fouth- 

 weft to north-eaft, running from the county of Limerick to 

 the Queen's county, and completely feparating the two 

 Ormonds from the reft of the county. The high hills ad- 

 joining Limerick are called the Keepe mountains, from the 

 higheft of them, which is a remarkable objeft to the tra- , 

 veller and the adjoining country. The hills near the fmall 

 town of Silvermines, have been marked in fome maps as the 

 Silvermines mountains ; others have been called the Devil's 

 Bit ; and adjoining the Queen's county, they take the name 

 of the Sliebh-bloom mountains. In this diftrift, lead and 

 copper mines have been wrought with various fuccefs ; and 

 fome parts of it afford fine miU-ftones. The river Suir rifes 

 in the north of the county, near Rofcrea, and flows from 

 north to fouth, when it takes an eaftern direftion, and be- 

 comes the boundary between it and Waterford. This and 

 its tributary ftreams afford an abundant fupply of water ; 

 and turn a very great number of boulting-mills. The 

 weftern divifion of the county has the Shannon for its 

 boundary, and is well watered by the ftreams which flow to 

 it from the range of mountains above mentioned. Clonmell, 

 on the Suir, and at the fouthern extremity of the county, is 

 the fliire-town, and though very inconveniently fituated for 

 the aflizes, has an excellent gaol, court -houfe, &c. It is a 

 place of confiderable trade, and one of the principal inland 

 towns of Ireland, Cafhel, Rofcrea, Nenegh, Tipperary, 

 Carrick, and fome others mentioned in their proper places, 

 are of refpeftable fize, but none of them diftinguiftied for 

 trade or manufaftures, imlefs we except the manufafture of 



ratteens 



