T I P 



ratteens at Carrick. Tipperary was, previous to the arrival 

 of the Englirti, a part of the kingdom of Muniler ; fome- 

 times feparated as an independent fovereignty under the 

 kings or princes of Cafhel. The name Ormond is a cor- 

 ruption of Oir Momond, /. e. Eafl Munfter, and was fo 

 called in oppofition to Defmond, South Munfter, and 

 Thomond, North Munfter. After the Englifli fettlement, 

 the O'Briens were confined to Thomond, the Fitzgcralds 

 eftabliflied themfelves in Defmond, and the Butlers became 

 the pofleftbrs of Ormond and Kilkenny, acknowledging 

 indeed the fovereignty of England, but maintaining fuch 

 authority as rendered it only nominal. The counties of 

 Kilkenny and Tipperary were palatinates ; and it was not 

 till the attainder of the duke of Ormond, in 1716, that this 

 diftinft jurifdiftion was abolifhed. As the inhabitants of 

 Tipperary were aftively engaged againft the Proteftants in 

 1 64 1 and the fucceeding years, great forfeitures took place 

 on Cromwell's fuccefs, and many of the preCent landholders 

 are defcendants from his ofBcers. Tipperary abounds with 

 ruins. The number of old caftles is very great, fome of 

 them boldly fituated, and forming very ftriking objefts to 

 the traveller : fuch as the caftle of Ardfinnan, built by 

 king John, and that of Cahier, on an ifland in the Suir. 

 The chief ecclefiaftical ruins are thofe of Holycrofs, Mo- 

 naincha, and Caftiel, which all deferve to be vifited by the 

 curious. No ftatiftical account hag been publifted of the 

 county of Tipperary, and there appear to be very fcanty 

 materials for its hiftory. 



Tipperary, a market and poft-town in the county of the 

 fame name, 87 miles S.W. from Dublin, and about 20 

 miles N.W. from Clonmell, on the road to Limerick. Its 

 name is faid to be in Irifti Tiobrad-arain, fignifying the nuell 

 of the territory called Arain. The town is not large, and 

 appears to be in a ruinous condition, though it was formerly 

 of fufficient importance to give its name to the county. 

 The adjoining county is very rich, and there are fome fine 

 feats, cfpecially Thomaftown, the fplendid feat of the earl 

 of Llandaff, defcended from the Mr. Matthew whom Swift 

 viDted ; and Darners-Court, a feat of the earl of Dor- 

 chcfter. In the neighbourhood are the ruins of Emly, the 

 church of which was once the metropolitan church of 

 Munfter, and which ftill gives name to a bidiopric, united 

 to the arcliiepifcopal fee of Cafhel. 

 TIPRA. See TiPERA. 



TIPREE, a dry meafure at Bombay ; where the candy 

 contains 8 parahs, the parah 16 adowlies, 64 feers, or 128 

 tiprees. Rice is fold by the batty meafure, in which the 

 morah is = 4 candies, or 25 parahs, the parah 20 adowlies, 

 150 feers, or 300 tipree*. A candy is = 25 Wincheller 

 bufticls nearly^ 



TIPSA, in Geography, a town of Algiers, in the province 

 of Conftantina, on the borders of Tunis, near the banks of the 

 Melagge, anciently called Tipafa ; at prefent a frontier city 

 and garriion of the Algerines. This place, which enjoys a 

 fine fituation, with fome mountains at a fmall dillance, ftill 

 preferves the principal gate, feveral fragments of old walls, 

 and other marks of the rank and figure it formerly obtained 

 amongft the cities of Numidia ; 85 miles S.E. of Conftantina. 

 N. lat. 35°2 7'. E. long. 8°. 



TIPSTAVES, officers appointed by the m.arftial of the 

 king's bench, to attend the judges with a rod or ftafF tipped 

 with filver, and take charge of fuch perfons as are either 

 committed, or turned over at the judge's chambers. 



The denomination is alfo fometimes given to thofe more 



frequently called bojloiis ; who are the wai^dens of the Fleet's 



officers, attending the king's court with a painted ftaff", for 



the taking into cuftody fuch prifoners as are committed by 



Not. XXXV. 



T I P 



the court ; and to attei.d fu^k prifoners as go at large h\ 

 lice;ice. 



TIPUL, in Natural H'tflory, a name given by ihc people 

 of the Philippine idands, to a fpecies of crane common there, 

 and fo tall, that when it ftands ereft, it can look over a man's 

 head. See Dongon. 



TIPUL A, in Entomology, a genus of the Diptera order of 

 infeifls, the charafters of wliicli arc, that the mouth has a very 

 fhort probofcis, membranaceous, canaliculated on the back, 

 receiving a briftle ; the hauftellum fhort, without a vagina ; 

 the feelers two, incurved, equal, filiform, longer than the 

 head : the antenna; are moftly filiform. 



The fmaller fpecies of this genus fo much refemble gnats, 

 that the generality of authors, not excepting even Goedart 

 and Swammerdam, have confounded the two genera, and 

 defcribed thefe among the gnats. 



The long form of the body, the pofition of the wings, and 

 the length and pofition of the legs, are the circumltanccs 

 that make the refemblance between the gnats and tipulae ; 

 but the ftrufture and organs of the head are alone a very 

 fufficient diftinftion. 



As the tipulx differ from the gnats in the figure of the 

 mouth, and in being without a trunk, they differ as much 

 from the other flies of that charafter, by their refembling the 

 gnat in the ftiape of their body. They differ alfo in the 

 conformation of the mouth, and its feveral parts and organs. 

 The opening of the mouth is a flit extending itfelf from the 

 fore part of the head toward the hinder part, and its lips 

 cannot be called upper and lower ; but they are lateral ones. 

 When the body of the creature is preffed, this mouth opens, 

 and (liews what feem to be a fecond pair of lips within. 

 Thefe are more firmly clofed than the others, andrefemble only 

 certain duphcations of the flcfti. The exterior lips are carti- 

 laginous, and are furniftied with ftiort hairs ; the interior are 

 perfeftly fmooth, and of a fleftiy texture. The head of the 

 tipula is of a long and flender figure ; the lips are articulated 

 at the extremity of this head, and on each fide there ftands, 

 on the upper part, a fort of beard, which, when minutely exa- 

 mined, is found to be articulated in the manner of the an- 

 tennae of infe<fts. Thefe two beards, in their ufual po- 

 fition, are placed clofe together, and bent forwards over 

 the head ; their office feems to be the covering of the 

 aperture of the mouth. Thefe feem conftantly to be found 

 in all fpecies of the tipulse, and placed exaftly in the fame 

 manner. 



The largeft fpecies of tipulae are ufually found in our 

 meadows, and thefe are in no danger of being confounded 

 with the gnat kind, their fize alone being a fufficient obvious 

 diftinftion. Thefe are often found of nearly an inch in 

 length from head to tail ; but their bodies are very flender, 

 and are compofed of only nine rings. The male tipula is 

 eafily diftinguiftied, at fight, from the female ; it is much 

 (horter in the body, and is thicker at the tail than any where 

 elfe ; this tail alfo ufually turns upwards, whereas that of 

 the female is placed in the fame line with the body, and is 

 flender, and compofed of feveral fcaly parts, proceeding from 

 the laft ring of the body. Thefe creatures are found in our 

 meadows through the whole fummer ; but the end of Sep- 

 tember and beginning of Oftober is the time when they are 

 moft of all plentiful. 



The legs of thefe creatures are greatly difproportioncd to 

 the body, according to the common rules of nature, cfpe- 

 cially the hinder pair, which are in the larger fpecies ufually 

 three times the length of the body. 



This large fpecies is a creature of no great beauty ; its 



body is of a brownifti colour, and its corcelet is fo elevated, 



that the creature feems hump-backed ; the head is fmall, and 



4 Y the 



