T O A 



10 A 



Thus, when Terence fays, " quse mco cunquc aiiimo libi- 

 •i am ell facere," there is a tmelis ; the word qudcunque 

 being divided by the interpofition of mco. 



Lucretius abounds in tmcfes ; as " faepe falutantum taftu 

 prsEterque meantum ;" or " diflidio potis eft fejungi, feque 

 gregari ;" and " difpcftis difque gregatis." 



TMOLUS Mons, '\u Ancient Geography, a mountain of 

 Afia Minor, in Lydia. Strabo fays that the town of Sardis 

 was commanded by the Tmohis, a rich mountain, on the 

 fummit of which the Perfians had erefted a turret, from 

 which might be fecn all the adjacent fields, wliich were 

 watered by the Ciiyflrus. According to Homer it ob- 

 tained, from its extraordinary elevatioii, the name of Ventofe, 

 or windy. From Pliny we learn that tlie Paftolus, Chry- 

 forrhoas, and the fountain Tame, had their fources in this 

 mountain, and that it produced excellent wine, highly cont- 

 mended by PHny and Vitruvius. The fummit is reprefented 

 as always covered with fnow. It was fometimes denominated 

 Timolis, as by Ovid, 



" Defernere fibi Nymphae ? . . . Timoli." 



According to the mythologifts, it was in this mountain that 

 Apollo puniflied Midas, kmg of Phrygia, by giving him 

 alTes' ears. 



Tmolus, a tov^Tl of Afia Minor, in Lydia, on mount 

 Tmolus. According to Tacitus, Tmolus was one of the 

 twelve towns overthrown by an earthquake, in the fifth year 

 of the reign of Tiberius, A.D. 117, and it was rebuilt by 

 this prince. 



TMORUS, the name of one of the fummits of the Cerau- 

 nian mountains, in Epirus. 



TMULGA, in Geography, a town of Algiers ; 10 miles 

 E. of Sinaab. 



TNYSSUS, in Ancient Geography, a town of Afia Minor, 

 111 Caria. 



TOA, in Geography, a river of the ifland of Porto Rico, 

 wliich runs into the harbour of Porto Rico. 



TOAD, Rubetit, Rana Bitfo of Linnaeus, in Zoology, a 

 creature fufficiently known. See Rana. 



The toad has been generally confidered as a poifonous 

 animal, but Mr. Pennant apprehends without fufficient rea- 

 son. They have been taken up in the naked hand without 

 he lead injury, and quacks have even eaten them, and drank 

 "heir juices without damage. Befides, they are common 

 lood to many animals, as buzzards, owls, Norfolk plovers, 

 ducks, and fnakes ; of late, indeed, live toads have been 

 applied to cancers, with a view of curing them : fafts 

 )ave been alleged in proof of their efficacy for this pur- 

 jjofe. The mode of applying them has been to put the 

 animal into a linen bag, and to hold its head, preffing out of 

 »he bag, to the part, which it has foon laid hold of and fucked 

 .vith greedinefs till it dropped off dead. The creature has 

 ' welled and appeared to be in great pain ; often fweats much 

 and turns pale ; and fometimes difgorges, recovers, and be- 

 comes lively again. For other particulars, we mufl refer 

 .0 Mr. Pennant's appendix iibi infra. The time when toads 

 propagate is early in the fpring ; at which feafon the females 

 are feen crawling about oppreffed by the males, who con- 

 tinue on them for fome hours, and adhere fo faft as to tear 

 the fliin from the part to which they ilick. They impregnate 

 the fpawn as it is drawn out in long firings, like a necklace. 

 And the female is afTifted by the male, in difcharging the 

 fpawn, who with his hinder feet pulls out the eggs, whilft 

 his fore-feet embraces her breaft. The eggs are included 

 each in a membranous coat that is very firm, in which is con- 

 tained the embryo, and thefe eggs, fattened to one another 

 ny a Ihort but (Irong cord, form a kind of chaplet, the 



beads of which are diftant from each other about half ihcir 

 length. The male, by drawing this cord with his paw, 

 performs the funftions of a midwife, and acquits himfelf in 

 it, it is faid, with a dexterity which could not be expefted 

 from fo lumpifli an animal. Pennant's Brit. Zool. vol. iii. 

 p. 14. p. 385, 5;c. 



The toad of Surinam, or rana pipa of Linnxus, has long 

 been an objedl of attention to the curious, on account of 

 its enormous bulk and ugly form. Dr. Fermin, in his 

 " Traite des Maladies les plus frequentes a Surinam," &c. 

 publidied at Maeflricht in 1 764, has given fome remarks 

 on its mode of generation. Having put three males and a 

 female into an open vefTel of water, he obferved that one of 

 them had feveral fpots on its back, which were eggs, each 

 containing an embryo. At the end of three weeks, the ani- 

 mal feemed much agitated, and one of the cells on his back 

 burfting open, a young one crept out of it. In five days no 

 lefs tlian thirty-five of thefe cells opened in the fame manner 

 and produced as many animals. On the back of one of thefe 

 whicli was difietled, tliere were no lefs than one hundred and 

 twenty of thefe cells, each of which he confiders as a real 

 matrix, in which its eggs are lodged and fecundated ; and, 

 indeed, in one ofcthcm lie difcovered an embryo completely 

 formed, enveloped in a kind of placenta, accompanied by 

 two thin tranfparent membranes, feemingly analogous to the 

 chorion and amnios in other animals. For other fpecies of 

 toad, fee Rana. 



ToAD-Fi/h, Rana pifcalrix,'m Ichthyology. See LoPHms 

 Pifcatrix, and Sea-DcvU. 



ToAU-Flax, in Botany. ANTIRRHINUM. 



ToAD-Stone, in Mineralogy, a variety of trap-rock. (See 

 Trap.) The toad-ilone of Derby (hire is generally a dark- 

 brown bafaltic amygdaloid, compofed of an intimate inter- 

 mixture of bafalt and green earth, and containing oblong 

 cavities, principally filled with calcareous fpar. It fometimes 

 an"umes the form and texture of a compaft bafalt, and is alfo 

 found in a decompofiiig foft (late, approacliiiig to clay. In 

 compofition and appearance it bears a ilrong refemblance to 

 fome volcanic rocks ; and there are certain peculiarities in the 

 geological pofition of this rock, which have excited con- 

 fiderable attention. Mr. Whitehurft, in his Theory of the 

 Earth, has given a particular account of the Derbyfhire toad- 

 ftone ; and has ftated the number of beds, and the thickncfs 

 of each, with that of the mountain lime-ftone, with which it 

 alternates, as under : 



Firft lime-done - 50 yards. 



Firft toad -(lone - 16 



Second lime-done - 50 



Second toad-done - 46 



Third lime-done - 60 



Third toad-done - 22 



Fourth lime-done - not cut through. 



It appears, however, that the thicknefs and extent of the 

 toad-done beds are by no means fo regular as thofe of the 

 other drata, in the fame didridl. 



In fome fituations, one or more of the beds will become 

 very thin, or be entirely wanting ; in other fituations, a fingle 

 bed will be found of vad thicknefs : and ma(res of this fub- 

 dance, which cannot be referred to any of the three beds, 

 will be found interpofed in the lime-ftone drata. In fome 

 indances, particularly near Afliover, nodules of lime-done 

 may be feen imbedded in toad-ftone. Farcy's Derbylhire 

 Report, vol. i. p. 276. 



The mod remarkable phenomenon which the beds of toad- 

 ftone prefent in Derbyfhire, is the complete fcparation of the 

 metallic veins which they generally occafion. The mountain 



lime- 



