T O B 



T O li 



confidence and refpeft. His deportment was e;ify, and in 

 his converfation, which was lively, he difplaycd gical know- 

 ledge, and an extenfive acquaintance with various branches 

 of fcience. Simple in his manners, open and fincire, he 

 indulged only the milder patlions ; and fecmcd to have no 

 other nmhitioii than that of being ufeful. He was Heady in 

 his frier.ddiip ; always ready to do good ofiices in the mod 

 dilintercfted manner, and indulgent towards every one 

 around him. To the talents of a literary man, he added the 

 virtues of the citizen ; and therefore was univerfally ef- 

 teemcd, but particularly by thofe who enjoyed his more 

 intimate acquaintance." Phil. Mag. 



TOALOOR, in Geography, a town of Hindooftan, in 

 Baramaul ; 3 miles S.E. of Wombinellore. 



TOAMENSING, a townfliip of Pennfylvania ; 50 miles 

 N. of Pluladelphia. — Alfo, a townlhip of Pennfylvania ; 

 15 miles N. of Pliiladelphia. 



TOANA, in jliicient Geography, a town of India, on 

 this fide of the Ganges, eafl; of this river, among the people 

 called Nanichce. Ptol. 



TOANI, a people of Arabia Felix, in the environs of 

 the flrait of the Arabic gulf. Pliny. 



TOB, or Tlibia, a country on the other fide of Jordan, 

 in the northern part of the tribe of Manaffeh. It was the 

 country into which Jephtha retired, as we read in the booJi 

 of Judges. 



TOBA, in Geography, a fmall idand in the Eall In- 

 dian fea, near the weft coaft of Aroo. S. lat. 5° 8'. E. 

 long. 135° 9'. 



TOBACCO, NicoTiANA, in Botany. See Nico- 



TIANA. 



Tobacco, Culture and Preparation of. See NiCOTlANA. 



Tobacco, Hijiory of. Tobacco was not known in Eu- 

 rope till after the difcovery of America by the Spaniards, 

 and firft imported about the year 1560, as fome fay by fir 

 Francis Drake. 



The Americans of the continent call it petun, thofe of 

 the iflands yoli. The Spaniards, who gave it the name 

 tobacco, took it from Tabaco, a province of Yucatan, where 

 they firft found it, and firft learned its ufe ; or, as fome fay, 

 it derived its name from the ifland of Tabago, or Tobago. 



The French, at its firft introdutlion among them, gave 

 it various names ; as Nicotiaiia, or the ambajfador' s herb, 

 from John Nicot, then ambaffador of Francis II. in Por- 

 tugal ; who brought fome of it with him from Lifbon, and 

 prefented it to a grand prior of the houfe of Lorrain, and 

 to queen Catherine de Medicis ; whence it was alfo called 

 queen's herb, and grand prior's herb. They alfo gave it 

 other names, which arc now all reduced to the original 

 name of tobaco, or tobacco, from Tabaco, given it by Her- 

 nandez de Toledo, who firft fent it into Spain and Por- 

 tugal. 



It appears from Lobel, that this plant was cultivated in 

 Britain before the year 1570; and the introduftion of the 

 praftice of fmoking it in England has been commonly 

 afcribed to fir Walter Raleigh, about the year 1584. The 

 cultivation of it is now common in various parts of th; 

 globe ; and though prohibited by the laws of this country, 

 the manufadlure of it forms no inconfiderablc branch of 

 commerce. 



Tobacco might be cultivated with advantage through the 

 greater part of Europe ; but almoft in every part of Europe 

 It has become a principal fubjeft of taxation ; and it has 

 been fuppofed, that it would be more difficult to coUeft a 

 tax from every farm where this plant might happen to be 

 cultivated, than to levy one upon its import.-^.tion at the 

 • cuftomJioufe. The cultivation of tobacco has been, upon 



this account, nioft abfurdly, (fays Mr. Smith, Wealth 

 of Nations,) prohibited tliroiigh the greater part of Europe, 

 which neceflarily gives a iort of monopoly to the countries 

 where it is allowed ; and as Virginia and Maryland produce 

 the grcatcft quantity of it, they fliare largely, though not 

 without fome competitors, in the advantage of this mono- 

 poly : the cultivation of it, however, is faid to be lefs pro- 

 fitable than that of fngar. At the time when the author 

 publiftied his work above cited, about ninety-fix thoufaiid 

 hogdicads of tobacco were annually purchafed in Virginia 

 and Maryland, with a part of the furplus produce of Britilh 

 induftry ; but the demand of Great Britain does not require, 

 perhaps, more than fourteen thoufand. If the remaining 

 eighty-two thoufand, therefore, could not be fent abroad 

 and exchanged for fomcthing more in demand at home, the 

 importation of them muft ceafe immediately, and with it 

 the produftive labour of all thofe inhabitants of Great Bri- 

 tain, who are at prefent employed in preparing the goods 

 with which thefe eighty-two thoufand hogfticads arc an- 

 nually purchafed. Thofe goods, which arc part of the 

 produce of the land and labour of Great Britain, having no 

 market at home, and being deprived of that which they had 

 abroad, muft ceafe to be produced. The moft round-about 

 foreign trade of confumption, therefore, may, upon fome 

 occafions, be as neceffary for fupporting the produftive la- 

 bour of the country, and the value of its annual produce, as 

 the moft. direft. In order to facilitate the great exportation 

 which was neceflary, for getting rid of that which remained 

 after the home confumption, the whole duties were drawn 

 back, provided the exportation took place within three 

 years. 



The principal kinds of tobacco imported into England 

 are, as we have already obferved, the Maryland, called 

 Oroonoko, and the Virginia-tobacco. The former is not 

 fo agreeable to the Britifh tafte as the fwcet-fcented tobacco 

 of the latter country ; but the northern nations of Europe 

 are faid to like it better. 



Befides the tobacco of the Weft Indies, there are con- 

 fiderable quantities cultivated in the Levant, the coafts of 

 Greece, and the Archipelago, the ifland of Malta, and 

 Italy. The marks of good twift tobacco are a fine ftiining 

 cut, an agreeable fmell, and that it has been well kept. 



In the ifland of Ceylon, there are two kinds of tobacco 

 cultivated for profit. They call both kinds dunkol, which 

 fignifies a leaf, the ufe of which is to be fmoked. The one 

 kind they call hingele dunkol or Jingele dunkol, for they make 

 no difference between the letter S and H in their pronuncia- 

 tion ; the other they call dunkol kappada ; kappada fignifies 

 gelding, and is a word of Portuguefe origin. This kappada 

 tobacco is much ftronger and more intoxicating than the 

 other ; but both kinds are the produce of the fame plant ; 

 only the fingle tobacco has very little care taken of it, being, 

 after the fowing, in a manner left to itfelf ; while the other 

 has great pains beftowcd upon it during the whole time of 

 its growth, and till it is fit for ufe. 



Some of the Ceylonefe chew this ftrong tobacco with 

 their betel ; and fome, who fmoke it alone, ufe no pipe, 

 but, taking a long leaf of it, they roll it up into a long 

 form, and cover it with the leaf of the wattukan-tree ; they 

 then light one end of it, and fmoke by the otlier, till the 

 whole is confumed. Phil. Tranf. N° 278, p. 1143- 



Although in Rnffia tobacco is not confidercd as one of 

 the general neceffarics of the lower chifles of the people, 

 the praftice of fmoking having been held as a fin to the end 

 of the 17th century ; neverthelefs the confumption of it is 

 by no means fmall, and of courfe the importation always 

 much overbalances the exports. In 1 793, the former -at St. 



Peterfburg 



