T O B 



TODAR, a town of Spain, in Old Ciiftile ; 18 miles 

 from Diirgos. r . • 



TOBATA, ill Jncifnt Geography, a town of Aiia, in 

 the interior of Paphlagonia. 



TOBATI, in Ceography, a town of Paraguay ; 50 

 miles N.E. of Affumption. 



TOBED NicAURLEDEGH, a river of New Brunfwick, 

 which runs into the St. John, N. lat. 46'^ 50'. W. long. 



67=' ^(J. 



TOBIANUS, in Ichthyology, a name given by Schonc- 

 vcklt and oth^-rs to the ammodytes, or fand-eel. 



TOBIR.A, or ToBERA, in Botany, a Japancfe Ihrub, 

 figured and defcribed by Kxmpfer ; fee Pittosporum, 

 n. 2. See alfo Euonymus, where its ill-agreement with 

 the latter genus is noticed. 



TOBIS, in Ichthyology, a name given by the Swedes 

 to the ammodytes, or fand-eel. 



TOBITSCHAU, orTowACZOW, in Geography, a town 

 of Moravia, in the circle of Olmutz ; 10 miles S. of 

 Olmutz. N. lat. 49° 23'. E. long. 17° 14'. 



TOBIUS, in ylnclent Geography, a river of the ifle of 

 Albion, the mouth of which is placed by Ptolemy on the 

 weftern coaft, between the promontorj' Oftapitorum and 

 that of Ratoftathybius. 



TOBLER Bach, in Geography, a river of Wurtemberg, 

 which runs into the Glatt, 2 miles N.W. of Sultz. 



TOBLPAD, a town of the duchy of Stiria ; 8 miles 

 S.W. of Gratz. 



TOBOL, a river of Ruflia, which rifes in N. lat. 52° 

 30', and long. 81°, in the country of the Kirghiftzi, in the 

 chain of mountains that parts it from the government of 

 Upha. It pours itfelf into the Irtyfh or Irtifch at Tobolflc, 

 after running a courfe of about 500 verlls, in which it re- 

 ceives the following rivers ; iiiz. the Ui, the Ifet, the 

 Tura, and the Tavda, all which fall into it on the left. Of 

 thcfc, the Tura is the largeft ; it rifes near Verkhoturia, in 

 the Ural mountains, and ghdes into the Tobol, in lat. 57° 

 30', after having taken up the rivers Salda, Tagil, Pyfhma, 

 Nitza, &c. into which laft-mentioned, the Neiva, the JExfh, 

 and the Irbit flow. By this acceflion of waters, the Tura 

 becomes a confiderable river, not much inferior to the 

 Tobol Itfelf. The Ifet is likewife a river of fome confe- 

 quence, rifing out of a lake two verfts from Ekatarineburg ; 

 and after having taken up feveral rivers, as the Sifert, the 

 Sinava, the Tfetfha, and the Miass, falls into the Tobol, in 

 N. lat. 57°. The Tobol has moftly low ihores ; and in 

 the fpring fcafon frequently fhade its waters far around. 



TOBOLOVO, an oftrog of Ruflia, in the government 

 of Tobol(l<, on the Enifei. N. lat. 6q° 40'. E. lone. 

 86° 42'. y ^ S 



TOBOLSK, a city of Ruflia, and capital of a govern- 

 ment, at the confluence of the Irtifch and Tobol. It is the 

 fee of an archbifhop, and was heretofore the capital of all 

 Siberia. This city is divided into the Upper and Lower 

 Towns. The Upper Town ftands very high, on the eaft 

 fide of the Irtilch ; and the Lower Town lies on a plain, 

 between the liill on which the former is built, and the river. 

 Both towns taken together are of a very large circum- 

 ference ; but the houfes being moftly built with wood, it 

 was nearly confumed by fire about the year 1786, and 

 afterwards rebuilt chiefly of ftone. It contains about 

 15,000 inhabitants. In the Upper Town, which is properly 

 called the city, fliands the fort, which was built with ftone, 

 by governor Gagarin. In the fort are the governor's court, 

 as It IS called, the governor's houfe, the archbilhop's palace, 

 the exchange, and two of the principal churches, wliich are 



T O B 



all ftone buildings. The Upper Town, which ftands on the 

 eaft fide of the fort, and is inclofed within an earthen ram- 

 part, affords nothing remai-kable, but a market for provi- 

 fions and all kinds of fmall ware, three wooden churches, 

 and a convent. The Lower Town contains a market-place 

 for all kinds of provifions, on which feveral ibops are built. 

 The Upper Town is out of the reach of inundations from 

 the river, by its high fituation, which, however, is attended 

 with this inconveniency, that the inhabitants are under a 

 neceflity of going down the hill for water. Befides, large 

 mafles of earth fall from the fide of a hill, on which the 

 town ftands, towards the river, almoft every year, which 

 obliges the inhabitants to pull down and rebuild the houfes 

 that ftand near the declivity. The Lower Town, indeed, 

 has w.iter at hand, but is expofed to inundations when the 

 river overflows its banks ; but fuch floods do not happen 

 ever)' year. The town is very populous, and almoft the 

 fourth part of its inhabitants is compofed of Tartars, who 

 are partly defcended from thofe that were fettled there 

 before the conqueft of Siberia, and partly from the Bu- 

 charians. Thefe Tartars, in general, behave very quietly, 

 and carry on fome commerce ; but praftife no mechanic 

 trades. They are very fober, and averfe from intemper- 

 ance, and all kinds of riotous living. The reft of the in- 

 habitants are Ruflians, whofe anceftors were baniihed hither 

 for their crimes, or fuch as are exiles themfelves. As 

 every thing is fold here fo exceeding cheap, that a common 

 man may live very well at Tobolflc at ten rubles a year ; in- 

 dolence and floth prevail to fuch a degree, that it is a hard 

 matter to get the leaft; utenfil, &c. made, though the town 

 abounds with artificers, who want neither tools nor mate- 

 riak to carry on tlieir refpeftive trades. The commerce 

 is in a flourifliing condition in this city : and the traffic 

 which the Bucharian and Kalmuck merchants carry on in 

 Indian goods, with which they fupply all Siberia, and 

 part of Ruflia, is very confiderable. All the Chinefe cara- 

 vans are obliged to pafs through this town ; aad all the 

 furs furnidicd by Siberia are brought into a warehoufe in 

 this city, and from hence are forwarded to the Siberian 

 chancery at Mofcow. Several of the Swedifh officers, who 

 were taken prifoners at the battle of Pultawa, and fent to 

 Tobolfl<, fet up fchools here, in the year 17 13, for teaching 

 the children of Swedes, Ruffians, Coflacks, Tartars, &c. 

 the German, Latin, and French languages, with geography, 

 geometry, and drawing. Many of them alfo took in, 

 boarders. Thefe fchools acquired great reputation ; fol 

 that children were fent hither for education, from a confider- 

 able dillance, and the exemplary behaviour of thefe mili« 

 tary pedagogues was attended with uncommon fuccefs.l 

 However, when the peace of Nyftadt was concluded, the! 

 Swedifli officers returned into their own country, and thcal 

 thefe beneficial feminaries of learning di'opped of courfe. 

 Some lime after a German fchool was founded here, under! 

 the aufpices of the emprefs ; 1000 miles E. of Mofcow.f 

 N. lat. 57°. E. long. 68° 14'. 



TOBOLSKIAN Tartars, derive their appellation! 

 from the river Tobol, on which they dwell ; and they areJ 

 the defcendaats of the inhabitants of Ifl^er or Sibir, theirl 

 ancient capital, which being reduced to a heap of ruinsl 

 after Yormak's conqueft, they abandoned ; and inftead of! 

 it the Ruffians afterwards built ToboKk. Thefe are dif-| 

 tinft from the Tartar inhabitants of Tobolili, wlio are al 

 barbarian colony. Their number amounts to upwards of j 

 4000 males. f 



TOBOLSKOI, a government of Ruffia, extending from | 

 N. lat. 55*^ to 78°. E. long. 59° to 108°, including a con- 

 fiderable part of Siberia. Tobolflc is the capital. 



TOBORON, I 



