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TOLCES'TER, ToLCEsTHiM, in our Old IVrlten, an old 

 excifc, or duty paid by the tenants of fome manors to the 

 lords, for liberty to brow and fill ale. 



TOLCKSD'ORF, in Geography, a town of Praffia, in 

 Ermelaiul ; 12 miles S.E. of Frauenburg. 



TOLEDO, in Biography. See Alva. 



Toledo, in Geography, a city of Spain, in New Callile, on 

 the Tagus, the fee of an a'rchbifhop, and an univerfity, founded 

 in tiie year 1475. The origin of Toledo is uncertain ; it is 

 only known to have been a Roman colony, and made the 

 depofitory of the treafures fent to Rome. From the Ro- 

 mans it pafled under the dominion of the Goths ; Lcovigild 

 refided there and embe!li(hed the city, which became more 

 cotifiderable under his fucccffors. The Moors took Toledo 

 in 714, and reigned there till 1085, when it was taken from 

 them by Alphonfo VI., who llyled himfelf emperor of To- 

 ledo, whence it took, and has preferved, tlie title of royal 

 and imperial. Toledo, as is well known, was formerly fa- 

 mous for the exquifite temper of the fword-blades made 

 tliere ; and the genuine ones that dill remain are fold at an 

 exorbitant price. It is faid tliat the fecret of hardening 

 them has been again recovered ; and experiments iuive been 

 made with blades lately fabricated there which fecni to juftify 

 this afllrtinn. When one of thefe lias undergone the oper- 

 ation of iL-mpcring, if it be in the Icall notched, by.ilriking 

 with it f^veral violent blows on an iron liead-piece, it is 

 rejefted : almoft all that are made here, it is faid, will ftand 

 this proof. Two centuries ago, Toledo contained more than 

 200,000 inhabitants, but now fcarcely 30,000. When a 

 lioufe falls to decay, it is never rebuilt ; and in 20 years more, 

 this city will be little elfe than a heap of ruins. Toledo is 

 built upon rocks, and commanded by eminences which feem 

 to prefent the image of fterihty ; yet, in the midll of thefe 

 precipices, the traveller finds, to his furprife, feveral fertile 

 and charming fituations, impenetrable to the burning rays of 

 the fun. Thefe places are called Cigarrales. Several coun- 

 cils have been held at Toledo, particularly one in 633, in 

 which it was declared unlawful and unchriftian to force 

 people to beheve, feeing it is God only who hardens, and 

 (hews mercy to wliom he will ; but by another council in a 

 few years after, they highly commended their monarch for 

 perfccuting the Jews. In 681 it was decreed, that the 

 archbidiop of Toledo fhould have power to create bifliops 

 througliout Spain in the king's abfence, and confirm thofe 

 made by the king. In 1355, it was feized by Henry and 

 Frederick, tiie bailards, brothers of king Peter, who robbed 

 »11 the Jews, and murdered about 1000 of them ; 32 miles 

 S.S.W. of Madrid. N. lat. 39° 56'. W. long. 4= 18'. 



TOLEN, a town of Norway ; 22 miles W. of Berga. 

 — Alfo, an ifland belonging to the Hate of Zealand, in 

 the eafl branch of the Scheldt, feparatcd from the main land 

 of Brabant by a canal, about ten miles in length, and four in 

 breadth. It contains two towns, Toleu and St. Martyn's 

 Dyck, and feveral villages. Tolen, the capital, from whence 

 the illand itfelf is named, is a handfome town, and raiiks as 

 fourth in the alTembly. The name of it is derived from the 

 toll which was formerly paid here by order of the counts of 

 Zealand. It is fortified with fevcn baltions, and the ftates 

 have caufed a fort, called Suckenburg, to be built on the 

 other fide of the river, fo that it is now one of the ftrongeft 

 frontier towns of the itate of Zealand. The ftadt-houfe is 

 an old building, which makes a good (how. The arfenal is 

 fltuated at the entrance of the fmall harbour ; there is alio a 

 magaime for powder. The church is built in the figure of 

 a crofs, and is an extraordinary piece of architedlure ; 4 miles 



■'tXt ^'■■'K-^'P-Zoom. N. lat. 51^ 36'. E. long. 3^ 58'. 



TOLENTINO, a town of the Popedom, in the niai-- 



quiiate of Ancona, on the Chiento, the fee of a bifhop, 



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united to Macerata. It is only remarkable for being the 

 depofitory of the body of St. Nicholas, where the arm, by 

 bleeding afrcfh, proguofticates when any fignal calamity is 

 to befall Italy ; 18 miles W. of Fermo. N. lat. 43° 10'. E. 

 long. 13° 18'. 



TOLENTINUM, in Ancient Geography, a town of Italy, 

 in Picenum, S.W. of Ricina. 



TOLENUS, a river of Italy, in the country of tl»e 

 Marll. 



TOLERATIOi*!, in Religion, a term which has engaged 

 much attention in the difputes among Proteftants. 



M. Bafnage, and fome others, diltingtiifh cii'il toleration 

 from ecdefiajlical. The latter allow's of differett, and even 

 oppofite fentiments in the church ; and the firll permits 

 them in civil fociety. 



By civil toleration, is meant impunity and fafety in the 

 ilate for every fecft which does not maintain any doftrine 

 inconfillent with the peace and welfare of the ftate. Tliis 

 civil or poUiical toleration, implies a right of enjoying the 

 benefit of the laws, and of all the privileges of the fociety, 

 without any regard to difference of religion. 



Ecclefiajlical toleration is an allowance of certain opinions, 

 which, not being fundamentals, do not hinder thofe who 

 profefs them from being efteemed members of tlie churcli-.^ 

 But as to the quality and number of thefe fundamental 

 points, they never could, nor in all probability ever will be 

 agreed upon. 



In order to difcover the genuine principles of toleration, 

 it is neceflary to confider that, antecedently to the formation 

 of civil focieties, mankind poflefs certain rights, independent 

 of all human grant, not derived from any compact, and which 

 are therefore to be acknowledged as the rights of human 

 nature. A right to judge for themlelves in points of reli- 

 gion is one of thefe rights ; which, whiUl it authorizes 

 every individual to claim the exercife of this privilege to 

 himfelf, obliges him to allow it in the fame extent to all 

 about him, and eilabliihes one uniform regulation for his 

 behaviour toward others, and their behaviour toward him : 

 e.g. no appreheufions of the truth and certainty of any 

 perfon's religious fentiments can juilify him in attempting 

 to impofe them on his neighbour ; for the fame right of 

 judgment which any one can claim, belongs, on the fame 

 principle, equally to all, and ought to be equally facred and 

 inviolable in all ; and no reafon can be" alleged by him for 

 taking the religious liberty of others from them, but what 

 will, at the fame time, equally deftroy his own title to it. 

 The injuftice of fimilar encroachments upon him from others 

 follows from the fanie principle, and with the fame evidence. 



Whether the claim of fuch a liberty of judgment in reli- 

 gion for ourfelves is weakened by men's entering into civil 

 fociety, is the next object of conilderation. 



The great end of government is to protect the fubjefts of 

 it from the injuries to which they were expo fed in a ilate of 

 nature ; and as all injuries imply rights of v.liich tliey are 

 violations, and tlie care taken to guard againfi. the violation of 

 thefe rights is an acknowledgment of the reality and import- 

 ance of them ; it evidently follows, that when they enter 

 into fociety, if the primary and leading view of government 

 be to prevent or reitrain thofe injuries, to which men were 

 expofed for want of its protection, they carry thefe rights 

 with them ; that they continue to retain tliem ; and that, 

 inftead of fuppofing themfelves to be deprived of them, the 

 very defign with which they put theinfeU-es under the au- 

 thority of government is to fecure tliem the more firmly. 

 Witli this view they entruft the prefervation of tliem to com- 

 mon guardians, by whofe intervention, it is prefumed, they 

 will be more vigoroufly afferled and more effectually pro- 

 tedted, than it is poffible they fiiould be in a flate where 



there 



