CYCLO P MDIA: 



■,*=•>.>»■• 





OR, A NEW 



UNIVERSAL DICTIONARY 



OF 



ARTS and SCIENCES. 



T O L 



TOLERIUM, in Ancient Geography, a town of Italy, 

 in ancient Latium, and one of tliofe which were taken 

 by Coriolanus, according to PUitarch and Steph. Byz. 



TOLESCAPATAM, in Geography, a town of Hin- 

 dooilan, in the Carnatic ; 28 miles S.E. of Tanjore. 



TOLETUM, Toledo, in Ancient Geography, a town of 

 Hifpania Citerior, belonging to the Cai-petani, to the S.W. 

 upon the Tagus. According to Silva and other Spanifh 

 hiftorians, this city was founded by a confiderable body of 

 Jews, who, on their emancipation fi-om captivity, 540 years 

 before the vulgar era, eftablilhed themfelves here, and called 

 the place Toledoth, or Toledath, that is, mother of the 

 people. However this be, Toletum became in procefs of 

 time a Roman colony. Csfar made it a place of arms, and 

 Auguftua rendered it the principal feat of juftice for the 

 provinces of Spain in liis department. Many ancient re- 

 mains, fuch as an aqueduft, a road, &c. have been difcovered 

 at Toleda ; which fee. 



TOLETUS, (De Toledo,) Francis, cardinal, in Bio- 

 graphy, was born at Corduba in 1532, and fludied at Sala- 

 manca, where he took the degree of doftor in theology, and 

 was made profeffbr of philofophy. At the age of twenty- 

 feven years, he entered the fociety of Jefuits, and in the fol- 

 lowing year he went to Rome, and read ledlures on Arif- 

 totle and theology. He acquired great popularity as a 

 preacher, infomuch that, when he was compared with other 

 preachers, it was faid " Toledo teaches, Panigarola pleafes, 

 and Lupo moves." He was employed by feveral popes in 

 various legations, and in 1593 Clement VHI. inveifed him 

 with the purple, being the firft Jefuit who obtained that 

 dignity. He died at Rome in 1596, at the age of fixty- 

 four. Toledo was one of thofe theologians who were em- 

 ployed by Sixtus V. in revifing his bible. Of his various 

 works, we fhall only mention his " Sum of Cafes of Con- 



VoL. XXXVI. 



T O L 



fcience, or Inftrudlions to Priefts, in eight Books," jullly 

 chargeable with the pernicious maxims of the fee of Rome 

 concerning the forfeiture of the allegiance of their fubjefts 

 by excommunicated princes, and with the dangerous doc- 

 trines of equivocations and mental refervations. Dupin. 

 Nouv. Dia. Hid. 



TOLFA, in Geography, a town of the Popedom, in the 

 Patrimonio, in the environs of which are mines of alum and 

 iron, with warm baths, and quarries of-alabafter and lapis 

 lazuli, about four miles from the fea-coaft ; 25 miles N.W. 

 of Rome. 



TOLHAR, a town of Hindooftan, in Lahore ; 18 

 miles S. of Rotas. 



TOLHUYS, a town of Guelderland, on the Rhine ; 

 where the French pafled that river in the year 1672, and 

 the Hanoverians in 1758 ; 6 miles W.S.W. of Emmerick. 



TOLI, a town of European Turkey, in Macedonia ; 

 85 miles N.W. of Saloniki. 



TOLITZIN, a town of Ruflia, in the government of 

 Mogilev ; 70 miles N. of Mogilev. 



TOLKEMIT, a town of Pruffia, in the province of 

 Ermeland, on the Frifch HafF; 12 miles N.E. of Elbing. 

 N. lat. J4° 18'. E. long. 19° 33'. 



TOLL, Telonium, a Saxon word, though derived ori- 

 ginally from the Latin tollere, to take away, or rather the 

 Greek m^o;, tribute, tax. It has two acceptations, denoting, 

 firft, a liberty to buy and fell within the bounds of a manor : 

 and, fecondly. 



Toll is alfo ufed for a tax or cuftom paid for paflage, 

 or for vending goods in a market, fair, or the like. 



This tax originated in the expence attending the con- 

 ftruftion and prefervation of highways, bridges, and canals ; 

 and it is evidently jull that a traveller, and efpecially a mer- 

 chant, who derives advantage from a bridge, a canal, or a 

 B caufeway, 



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Printed by A. Straha 



