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lencies, without regard to age or fex, and fet fire to the 

 town-houfe, the churches, feveral convents, and above 600 

 lioufes : and their fury was again repeated, under a pretence 

 that the inhabitants had refufed their contributions, and af- 

 fifted the troops of the alhes ; 9 miles N.N.W. of Liege. 

 N. lat. 50° 46'. E. long. 5° 28'. 



TONGERLOO, a town of France, in the department 



of the Dyle ; 9 miles N. of Aerfchot Alfo, a river of 



France, which runs into the Meufe, 3 miles below Maefyck. 

 — Alfo, a town of France, in the department of the Lower 

 Meufe ; 4 miles N.W. of Stockem. 



TONG-GIN, a city of China, of the firft rank, in 

 Koei-tcheou, on the borders of Houquang. In the en- 

 virons are gold and copper mines ; 8jo miles S.S.W. of 

 Peking. N. lat. 27° 39'. E. long. 108° 37'. 



TONGHO, a town of Birma, and capital of a province, 

 ftrongly fortified. Here are manufaftures of cotton cloth, 

 and the environs produce the bed beetle in the empire. 



TONGKEEL, one of the Sooloo iflands. N. lat. 6° 2'. 

 E. long. 121° 50'. 



TONG-KIN-TSIN-FOU, a town of Corea ; 48 miles 

 W.S.W. of King-ki-tao. 



TONG-LAI, a town of Corea ; 70 miles S. of 

 Koang-tcheou. 



TONG-LAN, a town of China, of the fecond rank, in 

 Quang-fi ; 1077 miles S.S.W. of Peking. N. lat. 24° 27'. 

 E. long. 106° 26'. 



TONGOI-PATCHI, a town of Thibet ; 30 miles N. 

 of Oramtchi Hotun. 



TONGOLORE,atown of Hindooftan, in the Carnatic ; 

 10 miles S. of Ongole. 



TONGOY, a river of Chili, which runs into the Pacific 

 ocean, S. lat. 30° 10'. 



TONG-PIN, a city of China, of the fecond rank, in 

 Chan-tong, on the river Ta-tfin ; 190 miles S. of Peking. 

 N. lat. 36° 6'. E. long. 1 15° 56'. 



TONGPOTRA, a town of Pegu ; 50 miles S. of 

 Lundfey. 



TONG-TCHANG, a city of China, of the firft rank, 

 in Chan-tong, on the grand canal ; 212 miles S. of Peking. 

 N. lat. 36° 34'. E. long. 1 15° 40'. 



TONG-tCHOUEN, a city of China, of the fecond 

 rank, in Se-tchuen ; 720 miles S.W. of Peking. N. lat. 

 31° 6'. E. long. 1 14° 44\ — Alfo, a city of China, of the 

 firft rank, in Se-tchuen. This city is ftrongly fortified, and 

 is called a military city, becaufe the inhabitants are all 

 foldiers ; the profelTion defcending from father to fon. 

 Befides their pay, they have the lands which furround the 

 city. Thefe troops are di/banded in time of peace, and to 

 make them amends, they are placed in all the garrifons that 

 are in the frontiers of the empire ; 1000 miles S.W. of 

 Peking. N. lat. 26^ 20'. E. long. 103° 2'. 



TONG-TCHUEN,a town of Corea; 85 miles E.N.E. 

 of King-ki-tao. 



TONG-TIN-HOU, a lake of China, in the province of 

 Hou-quang, more tlian 80 leagues in circumference. 



TONGTREE, in Rural Economy, a term applied to the 

 pole of an ox-cart, or that of a waggon, and perhaps fome 

 other forts of carriages. 



TONGUE, Lingua, in Anatomy, an oblong member, 

 vvhofe form and fituation are fufficiently known, and whofe 

 ufe is to be tlie organ of tafte, and the principal inilrument 

 of fpeech and deglutition. See Deglutition. 



The upper fide of the tongue is covered with a papillary 

 nervous fubftance, over which are fpread two membranes. The 

 outer of thefe membranes is pretty thick, and full of papills, 

 of a pyramidical figure, efpecially towards the tip, which pa- 



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pillas ftand pointing towards the root of the tongue in a 

 bending pofture, which makes their figure to be concavo- 

 convex. Thefe apices, or papilla, are fo very minute and 

 flender in men, that they make the coat appear on the upper 

 part villous, efpecially as they approach nearer to the root. 

 The figure of the papillae, in human tongues, is not fo 

 plainly difcernible to the naked eye as not to need the mi- 

 crofcope. In brutes they are generally larger, ftiffer, and 

 more confpicuous ; and in fome almoft cartilaginous, as may 

 be felt in the tongues of cats and oxen, but more fenfibly in 

 hons. On the upper fide, at a little diftance from the tip, 

 this membrane becomes thin, fmooth, and glabrous, and, as 

 it were, pohfhed by the lower parts of the mouth on which 

 it flides. 



Under this lies a thin, foft, reticular kind of coat, punched 

 through with innumerable holes, and always lined with a 

 thick and white, or yellowiih mucus. This membrane is fo 

 exceedingly tender, and full of mucus, that it is not to be 

 examined by the naked eye, unlefs boiled ; by which it 

 grows tough, and eafily feparable from the external mem- 

 brai)e, and from the nervous part of the tongue, which lies 

 immediately under it. After boiling, it appears like a kind 

 of gauze, between whofe threads innumerable holes appear, 

 through wliich the apices of the papillary body underneath it 

 are exerted. This membrane on the upper fide, next the 

 outward, appears white, with a caft towards yellow, but is 

 black on the fide next the tongue. 



Many authors do not allow this to be a membrane, and 

 will only have it to be a mucus hardened by boihng ; but 

 fince it has fo much of the refemblance of a membrane, and 

 that authors agree in allowing two membranes to the tongue. 

 Dr. Drake does not fcruple to number it among them, fince 

 there does not appear to be any other fecond membrane ; 

 reckoning, with Malpighi, the fmooth part under the 

 tongue a part of the outer membrane ; fome, however, have 

 confidered it as a continuation of a diitinft membrane, which 

 covers that of a papillary texture. 



Immediately under this appears a nervous papillary body, 

 fpreading itfelf to a moderate thicknefs over the whole fur- 

 face of the tongue. This body, on the under fide, is every 

 where level and fmooth, except in fome few places, where 

 it is conneifted to the fubjacent mufculous part by fome 

 nervous twigs which it fends into it. Malpighi diftin- 

 guifhes the papilla, which make the principal part hereof, 

 into three kinds, from their different magnitudes and figures 

 when obferved with the microfcope ; of which thofe feated 

 on the fides and tip are very Angular, refembling little round 

 pyramids, with globes on their tips like the horns of fnails. 

 All thefe papilla, which are the immediate organs of taft- 

 ing, fend their apices, or extremities, through the mucous 

 membrane into the pyramidal papillae of the outer mem- 

 brane, which are hollow to receive them, and feem to be 

 nothing elfe but a kind of cafes to defend thefe nervous 

 papilla from injuries, which the falts and afperities of thofe 

 bodies which we might take into our mouths might do them. 

 See Tasting. 



However neceffary an organ the tongue be in fpeech, &c. 

 yet inftances have occurred, in which perfons, who have 

 loft their tongues, have fpoken diftinftly. 



We have had in England an inftance of this kind in one 

 Margaret Cutting. See Philof. Tranf. N° 464. or Abr. 

 vol. ix. p. 126. Idem, vol. xliv. p. 621. 



Another occurs in Lamberti's Memoirs, and another in 

 the Memoirs of the Academy of Sciences. 



To the inftances briefly mentioned above, we may add 

 the following account of a man at Montagu, in the Bas 

 Poiftou, who being feized with tlie fmall-pox in his fifth 



