TON 



pendent of Tonquin, and aflumed the rayal title, a body 

 of 10,000 men has been ftationed on that frontier. Every 

 gOYernor of a province has at his difpofal 700 men and one 

 elephant. The remaining force, amounting to about 100,000, 

 is placed in the royal city, or in an adjacent camp. 



The arms of the Tonquinefe are the ancient mufl-cet fired 

 ■with a match, the modern firelock being unknown there, 

 bows, fabres, pikes and half-pikes, and a defenfive buckler. 

 The troops of the king's houfehold, which are reckoned 

 among the bell troops of the Eail, are clothed in blue and 

 red. The navy amounts to about two or three hundred 

 gallies, navigated with oars, and fitter for the rivers of the 

 country than for the open fea. The king of Tonquin is 

 reckoned among the rich fovereigns of the Eaft, as he 

 poffefles valuable treafures and an ample revenue, derived 

 from rice, a tax upon land, a capitation tax, the fale of 

 dignities, and the duties on merchant-veflels, amounting to 

 about one-tenth of the merchandize. The laws of Tonquin, 

 like thofe of China, are founded on the fingle principle of 

 paternal authority and filial obedience. The magiftrates 

 ^e denominated Mandarins, from the Portuguefe mandar, 

 to command, by the Europeans ; but in the native languages 

 both of China and Tonquin, the appellation is " Quan." 

 The tenure of lands and right of inheritance are refpefted 

 even by the fovereign ; and the fucceffions in land are 

 determined by one tribunal, and that of houfes and perfonal 

 property by another. The judges are corrupt, and juftice 

 is fold. The mihtary and civil offices are venal. Execu- 

 tions are rare, not exceeding through the whole kingdom 

 twenty or thirty in a year. Decapitation is counted igno- 

 minious : princes and perfons of rank have the privilege of 

 ftrangulation. Female criminals are trampled to death by 

 elephants. The dignity of public executioner is hereditary. 

 Other punifhments are exile, perpetual imprifonment, and 

 perfonal chaftifement, fometimes with the mutilation of a 

 finger or ear. The prifons are faid to be in a fhockiiig 

 Hate. On a general view of Tonquin, the country and the 

 defpot are extremely rich, and the people are very poor. 

 The Jefuits, foon after the commencement of the 17th 

 century, made an attempt to introduce into this country the 

 Chriftian faith ; but their efforts have not been very fuccefs- 

 ful ; feveral inllances having occurred of the perfecution of 

 Chriftians. 



In the gulf of Tonquin there is a fmall ifle, which is 

 faid to afford the mufl< animal ; and in the vicinity is a 

 pearl firtiery. The chief entrance of the river, called 

 Domea by the Europeans, is obftrufted by a bar, and 

 requires the guidance of a native pilot. In this gulf, as 

 well ae the adjacent Chinefe fea, the " tuffoons," or 

 •' typhous," are tremendous. They are preceded by very 

 fuie weather ; a prefaging cloud appears in the N.E. black 

 near the horizon, edged with copper-colour on the upper 

 part, fading into a glaring white. It often exhibit"! a 

 ghaftly appearance twelve hours before the typhon burlls ; 

 its rage lails many hours from the NiE., attended with 

 dreadful claps of thunder, large and frequent flaflies of 

 lightning, and exceflive hard rains : then it finks into a 

 dead calm, after which it begins again with redoubled rage 

 from the S.W., and continues for an equal length of time. 

 Abbe Richard's compilation from the papers of the abbe 

 St. Phalle, a miffionary in Tonquin for twelve years, who 

 died at Paris in 1766; cited by Mr. Pinkerton, in his 

 Geography, vol. ii. For an account of the revolutions in 

 Tonquin from the earlieft period of hiflorical account, fee 

 Grofier's China, vol. i. 



Tonquin Bean, in Botany, fometimes called Tongo 

 Bean, is the feed of Diptervx odorata. See that article. 



TON 



Tonquin Medicine. See Hydrophobia. 

 TONS de VEgllfe, Fr. ; Tuoni ecclefiajlki, Ital. ; 

 the ecclefiaftical motles or tones in canto fermo. See 

 Plein-Chant, Canto Ferwo, and Ecckfiajlkal Modes, 

 Authentic and Plagal. 



For the hiilory of the eftablifhment of the modes at 

 Milan and at Rome, fee St. Ambrose and St. Gregory. 



The modes of the Roman church are eight : four authen- 

 tic, and four plagal. The four authentic, or principal, are 

 the odd numbers : ift, 3d, 5th, and 7th; the plagal are the 

 even numbers : 2d, 4th, 6th, and 8th ; which anfwer to D 

 and A minor, and C and D major, for the authentic : and 

 G and A minor, and F and G major, for the plagal. Thefe 

 are defcribed by Dr. Pepufch, Padre Martini, and Rouffeau, 

 and all their feveral fcales may be feen in Burney's General 

 Hiftory of Mufic, vol. ii. 



We have drawn out the fcales of all the eight modes or 

 tones afcending anddefcending See Plates of Miijic) ,hy vihich. 

 it will appear from the imperfedion of thefe fcales in moft of 

 the tones, that they are only capable of melody ; and in the 

 common fervice of Roman Catholic churches, when the 

 priefts perform the duty without the affiflance of profefled ' 

 muficians, no harmony is attempted to be given to mere 

 canto fermo. In cathedrals, the motet: and parts of the 

 mafs are fung by choirmen and children, as the antl\elU8 

 and fcrvices are irr our cathedrals. 



Notwithflanding the imperfection of the fcales, and little 

 variety of keys in the ecck-fiaftical chants, fecular mufic 

 feems for many ages to have had no other rules, but to have 

 been ftriftly confined to a few keys in the diatonic genus, 

 without the hberty of tranfpofitions. Hence came tHfe 

 timorous pedantry of excluding all other keys and fcales but 

 thofe ufed in the church ; which kept every kind of melody 

 meagre and infipid, and in fubjeflion to the rules of eccle- 

 fiaftical chanting. For it appears, that the only major keys 

 ufed in canto fermo are C and its two fifths F and G ; and 

 the only minor keys A, E, and D. And in four of thefe 

 keys the fcale is deficient, as there is no feveiith or note- 

 fenfthle to G, A, or D. This accounts for fo fmall a 

 number qf the twenty-four keys which the general fyftem 

 and fcale of modern mufic furnifhes, having been ufed by 

 the old compofers ; as well as for the temperament of the 

 organs by which thefe modes were afterwards accompanied. 

 And as all mufic in parts feems, for many ages after the 

 firft attempts at counterpoint, to have been compofcd for 

 the fervice of religion upon canto fermo and its prin- 

 ciples ; it likewife accounts for the long infancy and child- 

 hood of the art, till it broke loofe from the trammels of the 

 church, by which it was bound in Gothic times : and by the 

 cultivation of the mufical drama facred and fecular, the 

 ideas of compofers were enlarged, and the talents of per- 

 formers improved By new exertions, which brought the art 

 nearer perfeftion during the two lafl centuries, than it had 

 attained in feven hundred years from the time of Guido. 



In imphcit and religious obedience to the laws of canto 

 fermo, no accidental flat or fharp was ever to appear ; all 

 the eight tones being rigidly in the diatonic genus in the 

 keys of C and A natural, with no other femitones than 

 from E to F, and B to C. When the fcales of thefe tones 

 are drawn out at full length, they feem nothing more than 

 different fpecies of oflave. 



All thefe fcales defcendiag, might, however, be made per- 

 feft by a fingle flat or fliarp at the clef : as the firft tone by 

 a flat, the third by a fliarp. • The 2d is perfeft, defcending; 

 the 4th wants a fharp or two at the clef to determine it to 

 be in the key of E or B minor. A fiat woiJd make the 5th 

 complete in the key of F ; and a fharp the 7th in that of 



G. The 



