TOR 



TOR 



received from tire Riiffi;j:s the name of the Volgsic K^- 

 tEL-cks. In 1616, tMs horde is faid to have fubmitted to the 

 Rufliaa empire; acd on crofliEg the Ural in 1662, their 

 aamber aisounted to 50,000 kibitkies. In 1761, the 

 RulEan government entered into an agreement with this 

 opulent and powerful horde, which rsirrifted the authoritv 

 cf the khans to narrower bouiids, and excited fuch difcon- 

 ter.ts, that thev returned in the winter cf 1770 and 1771, 

 to the amocnt of between ^^,000 and 60,000 kibitkies, 

 over the ice of the river Ural, acrofs the Kirghifian fteppe, 

 into the Soonganev. The greater part of the Soongares 

 took part in this migration ; only fome few ainaks of the 

 Toi^ts remaiced bshad ; but the Tartars in fubjeSioc to 

 the horde refufed to foUois- them. The fugitives were pur- 

 fued by order of the Ruiuan government ; b-j: moft of them 

 made their efcape. Numbers indeed perithed on their 

 jonrnev- ; manx were taken prifoners bv- the Kirghifes ; and 

 thofe who reached the place of their deftination, put them- 

 felves u::der the protection of the Chicefe goverEment, who 

 gave them a kind reception, but afterwards, for political 

 reafons, treated them with great leverity. The Torgots, 

 with the Khofchotes acd Soocgares, who ftaid behind or 

 were brought back from their Sight, are dilbibuted among 

 the Derbets ; and wander, with their flocks and herds, in 

 the fteppes between the Don and Volga, from the Kae of 

 Tzeritz;n as far as Caacafi;?. and between the Volga asd 

 the river Ural, from the Irghis qvrte to the Cafpia:! ; con- 

 :feqnently in the governments of Saratof and Aftrakhan, and 

 in the feats of the Coflacks of the Don. Tooke's Ruffia, 

 voL L 



TORGOVriTZA, a town of Ruffian Polard, in the 

 palatinate cr Braclaw ^ 30 miles E. of Human. 



TORGSAKZR. a town of Sweden, in the.province of 

 Angerxan Ja=d ; 25 miles N. of Hemoiand. 



TORHOUT, a toT^ of France, in the department of 

 the Lys : i z miles S. of Bruges. 



TORIES, or ToHTS, a party or faSion in England, 

 oppofite to the AVhigs. 



Thefe two celebrated parties, which have fo long divided 

 <Hir coaatry, will make a confiderable article ia the Encrliih 

 hiftory, nothing iriferior, in many refpeSs, to that of the 

 G'jelfc a:3d Gibellins. The divifion has gone fo deep, that. 

 It is prefumed, no Enghfliman, who has any concern or 

 principles at all, but inclines more to ose fide than the other ; 

 for which reafon, we (hall borrow our account of them from 

 the mouth? of foreigners, who may be fappofed more im- 

 partial ; and particnlarly from M. de Cize,'a French officer, 

 fome time in the fervice of England, who has vrritten the 

 Hiftory of Whiggifrn and Toryii3, printed at Leipfic, 

 anno 1717; and M. Rapin, whofe Differtation fur les 

 Weighs i les Torys, printed at the Hague the fame year, 

 is well known : and reprinted at the dofe of the fecoi:d vo- 

 lume of his Hillory of England, fbl. ed. 



During the unhappy war which brought king Charles I. 

 to the fcaffold, the adherents of that kino- were firil called 

 Ca-eaSer.~, and thofe of the parfiament RiToid-hecdi ; which 

 two names were afterwards changed into thofe cf Tories ai:*d 

 Whigs, OD the following occafion. 



A kind of robbers, or banditti, ia Ireland, who kept on 

 the mountains, or in the iflands f<»med by the vaft bogs of 

 that country, being called Torie?, a name' they ftill bear in- 

 differently with that of Rapparees ; the king's enemies ac- 

 cnfing him of fevoBrizg the rebeffion in Ireland, which 

 broke out about that time, gave his partifans the came of 

 Toria; and en the other hand, the Tones, to be even with 

 their enemies, who were dofely leagued with the Scots, 

 gave tbem tlje oame of Wtigt, who Sricg ia the fields and 

 10 



thotigh their firft names, Cavalier 



woods, fe'd much on ?riil!c ; a-fe^ figriifying •mhy. But far 

 a more probable etymology of whig, fee Whigs. 



The Ca^-iliers, or Tories, had then principally in virw 

 the political interefts of the king, the crown, and the church 

 of England ; and the Roundieads, or Whigs, propofed 

 chiefly the maintaining of the rights and interefts of the 

 T>eopk, and of Proteftantifm. Nor have the two facbo: 

 yet loft their Srft views 

 and Round-head, be now entirely difufed 



This is the moft popular account ; and vet it is certain 

 the names Whig and Terr were bet little known till abouz 

 the middle cf the reign of king Charles II. M. de Cize 

 relates, that it was in\he year 1678, that the whole cadot: 

 was srft obferved to be divided into Whigs and Tories ; and 

 that on occafion of the famous depofition of Tims Oates, 

 who accufed the Cathohcs of having cor^fpired againil the 

 king and the Rate, — the appellation ^i^lug wiS given to 

 fuch as believed the plot reai ; and Tory to thofe who held 

 it nctiticns. 



When we compare, fays Mr. Home (Eff. ix.), the fac- 

 tions of Whig and Tory with thofe of Round-head a^d 

 Cavalier, which were merelr parties of principle, the mort 

 obvious diS"ereDce that appears between them, conSAs -n 

 the principles of " paffive obedience" and " indefeafibi- 

 right." which were but Httle heard of among the Cavalier;, 

 bat became the Univerfal docbine, and were efteemed the 

 true charaderiftics of a Tory. If thefe principles wer? 

 pufhed into ■ their moil obvious confequenoes, they imply :^ 

 , formal renunciation of all onr liberties, and an avowal o: 

 abfolute monarchr ; fince nothing can be a greater abfurdit^' 

 than a limited power which mufi: not be refifted, even when 

 it exceeds its limitations. But as the moft rational prin- 

 ciples are often but a weak-couEterpoife to paffion ; it is no 

 wonder that thefe abfnrd principles were found too weak 

 for that effeS. The Tories, as men, were enemies to op- 

 preffion ; and alfo as EngUftimen, fars Hume, they were 

 eaemjes to arbitrary power. Their zeal for liberty W2f. 

 perhaps (fays this partial writer), lefs ferrent t":" •"• :' 

 their antagonifts ; but was fufficient to make t 

 all thtir general principles, when thev faw themfe.-. - ; . .- 

 threatened with a fubverfion of the ancient govemirrnt. 

 From thefe fentiments arofe the Revolution ; an event : f 

 mighty confeqnence, and the finoeft fonndatioH of Er.tnr. 

 h"berty. The conduct of the T<»ie«, during that event 

 and after it, wil! ^Scrd us a true infi-ght into the nature of 

 that party. In the jtry? place, tbev' appear ■ - 



genuine fentiments of Briton? in their aSr:: 

 and in their determined refolution not to facmiice .-. to i..r 

 abftraci principle whatloever, or to anv imaginirv rights of 

 princes. This part of their ciiaracter might jvftl- hive 

 been doubted of before the Revolution, from the -^bv^cn? 

 tendency of their avowed principles, and from : 

 phasces with a court, which teemed to make i. 

 of its arbitrary defigns. The Revolution {hewed u>e.-n to 

 have been, in this refpect, nothing but a ?entn-= •• c-:>tirt 

 party," fuch as might be expeaed ia a . _rr.- 



ment : that is, " lovers of bberty, but 

 monarchy." It mail, however, be ; 

 carried their monarcxiical principles nm 



but more fo in theory, than was in anv degree cc.n::.tent 

 with a l im ited govemnte.t. Stmdij : Neither their prin- 

 ciples nor affections concarred, entire!- or he;rtil-.-, with 

 the fetliement made at the Revoiutio-i, or v.iiii that 

 which has fince taken piace. This part of their character 

 mar feem oppofite to the fonner; fince anr other iettle- 

 ment in thofe circumftances of the nation, muft prob:±lT 

 have been dangcroas, if not fatal, to hber-^. B t t-.V 



r :- c : 

 lat thev 



. practice. 



